This interview was conducted on May 21, 1993 by Helen Kugler in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens, New York. The interview covers Pauline Arinberg's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Arinberg discusses the different apartments in which her family lived in the LES and the fact that the family would move to obtain lower rent. She discusses her parents, their backgrounds, and their immigration to the United States. She recounts her father's various occupations, including his trimming store on Christie Street in the LES and his business peddling textiles. She discusses her mother's occupations as a finisher in the garment industry and as a peddler of house dresses and aprons. She describes the apartments in which her family lived, particularly the cold and her loneliness after school when her parents were at work. She discusses ethnic and racial relations in the LES from the early 20th century to the time of the interview. She recounts going to Central Park in Manhattan, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, and the Yiddish theatre with her mother, and other leisure activities in which she participated. Other topics include burglaries that took place in her family's apartments, her religious upbringing, and living conditions in the buildings in which her family lived in the LES.

This interview was conducted on October 17, 1992 by Helen Selsdon at an unspecified location. The audio recording for this interview is missing. The interview covers Ottile Auerbach's life in New York, New York and her family. Auerbach discusses her family, her parents' relationship, and her father's factory. She recounts her dislike of her father, mainly due to his frugality. She describes her mother's funeral and burial. She discusses her relationship with her two husbands and her son form her first marriage. She discusses her work as a dietician at the City and Country School in the Greenwich Village neighborhood of Manhattan.

This interview was conducted on July 22, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Dolly Kaminsky Barkin's apartment in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Barkin's childhood in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, her family, and her experiences at settlement houses in the LES. Barkin recounts her memories of life in the LES in the 1930s and 1940s, describes her family's apartment on Willett Street, and the apartment in the LES she shared with her mother after her parents' divorce. She discusses her parents' divorce and her relationship with her parents after their divorce. She describes her parents' occupations, her mother's work as a machine operator, and her father's work as an undertaker. Barkin describes her mother's family, the family's opinion of her father, and Barkin's estrangement from them. She discusses the importance of the LES settlement houses to her and her friends and her memberships in the Educational Alliance, Madison House, Stanton Street Settlement, Christodora House, University Settlement, and Lavenberg House. She recounts attending dances at all of the settlements and after-school activities at the University Settlement and the Educational Alliance. She discusses meeting her husband, her reasons for marrying him, and his occupations.

This interview was conducted by Ulrike Daehnhardt on October 17, 1991 at the Henry Street Settlement's Home Planning Workshop at the Vladeck Houses in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Mildred Barlow's childhood, her family, and her experiences in the Vladeck Houses in the LES. Barlow often switches from topics with little transition. She discusses her childhood, including apartments in which her family lived and food she would buy. She recalls the deaths of her father and her brother. She discusses her separation from her husband and her relationship with her children.

This interview was conducted on December 13, 1991 by Renee Newman at the Juilliard School in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Samuel Baron's experiences at the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Baron discusses his education and his decision to start studying the flute. He recounts his decision to attend the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement and describes his experience there, including his teachers, the other students, and the orchestra. He recounts attending the Juilliard School and teaching at the Henry Street Settlement. He discusses the people with whom he worked at the Henry Street Settlement, in particular Grace Spofford, Robert Scholz, and Ivan Galamian. He discusses his students at the Henry Street Settlement and his teaching philosophy. Other topics related to the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement include the changes in the ethnic demographics of the students between the 1940s and at the time of the interview and Rosemary Younker's patronage of the Music School. For more interviews about the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement see Behrend, Louise; Canin, Martin; and Herman, David.

This interview was conducted by Greg Raynor on November 14, 1991 at Bertram Beck's office at Fordham University in the Bronx, New York. The interview covers Beck's experiences as the Director of the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and as Executive Director at the Mobilization for Youth in the LES. Beck discusses his education and his family, including his work in the Merchant Marine before entering college and his parents' involvement with the Henry Street Settlement. He discusses his cooperative jobs while a student at Antioch College in Ohio and the fact that these led to his interest in social work. He describes the youth development programs at the Settlement and recounts the creation and mission of Mobilization for Youth. He discusses Helen Hall, her philosophy of social work, and her involvement in the creation of Mobilization for Youth. He recounts a strike by Settlement staff in 1965 and the division this led to between the Settlement, Mobilization for Youth, and other organizations in the LES. He describes the differing approaches to social work between the Settlement and Mobilization for Youth and the communities each served. He recounts becoming the Director at the Settlement and issues he faced directing both the Settlement and Mobilization for Youth. He compares his relationship with Helen Hall with her relationship with Lillian Wald. Other topics include Beck's experiences on an unspecified New York City school board and ethnic and racial tensions in the LES. For more interviews with employees of the Henry Street Settlement, see Gold, Leona; McGee-Robinson, Audrey Peters; O'Malley, Nora.

This interview was conducted on May 22, 1993 by Goldie Gold at an unspecified location. The audio recording for this interview is missing. The interview covers Albert Behar's life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and his family. He describes his family's apartment in the LES and their neighborhood. He discusses his family and his parents' immigration experiences. He recounts social and leisure activities in which he participated in the LES.

This interview was conducted on October 17, 1991 by Renee Newman at Louise Behrend's apartment in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Behrend's childhood, her training in violin at the Juilliard School in Manhattan, her career as a violin teacher at Juilliard and the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement in Manhattan, and her role as an early adopter of the Shinichi Suzuki method of violin instruction in the United States. Behrend relates her early interest in music, her family's musical background, and her introduction to the violin at ten years old. She recalls studying violin at the Universität Mozarteum Salzburg in Austria and at the Institute for Musical Art in New York. She discusses auditioning at Juilliard in 1939 and her time there over the next three years, including the teachers, the other students, and the course of study. Behrend discusses her decision to become a violin teacher; her years teaching at the Henry Street Settlement with Grace Spofford, Robert Egan, and Ivan Galamian; and her students at Henry Street. She recalls her decision to leave Henry Street and her introduction to Shinichi Suzuki and his method of teaching violin. She describes the Suzuki method and how she applied that method at Henry Street and the School for Strings. For more interviews about the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement see Baron, Samuel; Canin, Martin; and Herman, David.

This interview was conducted on September 2, 1993 by Helen Goodman at an unspecified location. The interview covers Mollie Bomse Berkowitz's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and her family. She describes the apartments in which her family lived on Willett Street and her neighbors in the buildings. She discusses classes and events she would attend at the Grand Street Settlement and the Educational Alliance in the LES. She discusses her religious education and her instruction at the Downtown Talmud Torah in the LES. She discusses games she would play as a child and recounts renting bicycles with friends and riding along the East River Drive in Manhattan. She recalls having to wear camphor around her neck during a polio epidemic when she was a child. She discusses observing Jewish holidays and customs surrounding them. She discusses stores and customs in her neighborhood, including people renting space in a shoemaker's space to store their baby carriages and eating out at a delicatessen once a week. Other topics include her husband, trips to Coney Island in Brooklyn with her family, and her parents moving to Queens in the 1950s.

This interview was conducted on June 3, 1993 by an unspecified interviewer at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Beatrice Berson's childhood experiences visiting her grandparents in Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. Berson recalls the tenement building in which her grandparents lived as being dirty, especially the shared toilet in the hallway. She remembers the population of her grandparents saving and collecting fruit wrappers to use as toilet paper. Berson describes her grandparents' apartment as being a dimly lit railroad apartment with a kitchen, front room and two bedrooms with only cold water and steam heat. She recounts her family staying in the Roxy Hotel in the LES during Passover as her grandparents would host the Passover seder at their apartment. Berson remembers her grandparents' neighborhood as primarily Jewish and Yiddish speaking. She recalls pushcarts lining the streets that sold various goods including fruits, vegetables, clothing, and other dry goods.

This interview was conducted on August 6, 1993 by Helen Goodman at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Anne Binder's childhood experiences in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. Binder recalls living in a railroad style apartment on Scammel Street in the LES with her parents, prior to the birth of her siblings. She explains that two boarders lived with the family, making for a crowded living environment. Binder describes assisting her mother with the family's laundry. Binder recalls her family moving from Scammel Street to Madison Street in the LES and the apartments' similar railroad floorplans. She recalls sitting on the fire escape while her mother gave birth inside their apartment for each of her three siblings, due to the small size of the apartment and lack of privacy. Binder describes shopping with her mother at the pushcarts and local butcher for groceries each day.

This interview was conducted on March 24, 1994 by Lori Finkelstein at Belenky Brothers jewelry store in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Bert Bloomgarden's family and his work in the jewelry business. Bloomgarden recounts his father-in-law starting Belenky Brothers and Bloomgarden becoming involved in the business after his marriage. He discusses the changes in the LES between the 1930s and the time of the interview, including the types of businesses that were there and the changes in the ethnic demographics of the neighborhood.

This interview was conducted on June 14, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Hilda Gruber Blyn's apartment in the Upper West Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Blyn's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Blyn describes the apartments in which her family lived in the LES and the living arrangements in the apartments. She recounts a fire in their apartment on Houston Street at Avenue B when she was 17 years old. She recalls that her family spent most of their time in her father's tailoring shop and did not spend much time in their apartment. She discusses household chores, her father helping out with chores, and meals her mother would prepare. She recounts attending a Yiddish theatre on 2nd Avenue with her family and lists performers and shows they saw. She discusses the stores and neighbors near her parents' tailoring shop on Avenue B in the LES. She discusses her education and jobs she had after school and after her graduation from high school. She discusses her job as a bookkeeper for National Screen Service in Manhattan and other unspecified companies. She discusses her husband, including the way in which they met, his service in the Army during World War II, and his labor union activity. She discusses her membership and participation in Screen Office and Professional Employees' Guild. She discusses her life with her husband between 1944 and 1946 when he was an intelligence officer in the Army and they traveled around the United States for his work. She recounts her parents' friends and neighbors socializing in their store after regular working hours.

This interview was conducted on March 30, 1994 by Kerrie C. Cotten at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Genya Borut's childhood in Poland, her work in a garment factory, and discussions regarding political philosophies. Borut recalls playing in fields of flowers and attending primary school in Lublin, Poland. She attributes her lifelong love of reading and broadened worldview to the Grimm's Fairy Tales. Borut remembers a bathtub being inside her family's first apartment in Brooklyn, New York which differed from her experience in Poland where the family used a public bath house. Borut discusses the loud working conditions and low wages at the garment factory in which she worked. She expresses pride in her decision to join the United Garment Workers of America. Borut reflects fondly on her late husband and their years of marriage. Throughout the interview, she discusses various political philosophies, including those of Franklin Delano Roosevelt, Karl Marx, Joseph Stalin vs. Leon Trotsky and Malcolm X vs. Martin Luther King Jr.

This interview was conducted on October 11, 1992 by Sushan Chin at an unspecified location. The interview covers Aron Bram's immigration to the United States (US), his working life, and his experiences in concentration camps in Poland and Germany during World War II. Bram discusses his liberation from the Hailfingen concentration camp in Germany, his receipt of a refugee visa to immigrate to the US, and his wife's immigration to the US after giving birth. He discusses the assistance he and his wife received when they arrived in the US from the Hebrew Immigration Aid Society (HIAS) and residents of the LES, and his attitude about work and life after his experiences during World War II. Bram recounts his experiences at the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland, including the selection process for the gas chambers three times and his memories of Josef Mengele. Other topics include benefits of membership in the Workmen's Circle and descriptions of his apartments in the LES and the Bensonhurst neighborhood of Brooklyn.

This interview was conducted on March 29, 1994 by Lori Finkelstein at Sam Breskin's store, Rice and Breskin, Inc. Infants' and Children's Wear at 232 Grand Street, New York, New York. The majority of the interview covers Breskin's childhood, his first job and Jewish family life in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. He discusses the prominence of wholesale and retail businesses in the Lower East Side during the 1930s-1960s. Breskin describes the interrogation he received when applying for his United States citizenship in the 1920s. He concludes his interview stating that he does not see any future in wholesale and retail in the Lower East Side, but hopes that he is wrong.

This interview was conducted by Kevin Murphy on March 15, 1994 at an unspecified location. Breslow discusses growing up on the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York; her relationship with her family; and her participation in Hashomer Hatzair. Breslow describes playing in tenement hallways and in the streets of the LES. She discusses the fact that her parents were older than the parents of other children her age and how she worried as a child that they would die. She describes her relationship with her older siblings who were born in Poland; she describes being inspired by her older sister who returned to college and learned to swim later in life. Breslow discusses the reasons she enjoyed belonging to the Hashomer Hatzair, including folk dancing and the perceived seriousness of the youth group. She describes her preference for Brooklyn over the LES because of its spaciousness and greenery.

This interview was conducted on February 21, 1994 by William Mills at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Charles Bucholz's experiences as a teenager during the 1960s and mid-1970s including spending time with his friends and participating in counterculture activities. He recalls his parents being strict and preferring to spend time at his friends' homes because their parents were less strict. Bucholz discusses attending the Woodstock Music & Arts Fair in 1969 in Bethel, New York. Bucholz states that his father was a quiet man and the two of them mostly talked about the family business.

This interview was conducted on February 26, 1994 by Dawn Vander Vloed at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Luba Kadison Buloff's experiences as a Yiddish theatre actor and her acting experiences in Europe and the United States (US). Buloff recalls growing up in the acting world and traveling throughout Europe to perform for various Jewish communities. Buloff states that after immigrating to the US, she continued to act, that her entire life was related to theatre, and that she did not socialize outside of the troupe. Buloff described 2nd Avenue in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York as lively due to the large volume of Yiddish theatres and high attendance of each show. She explains that by the 1940s, she thought that the Yiddish theatre had become too commercialized, which led her to move to Chicago, Illinois. Buloff explains that she felt that the New York Yiddish theatre became less about the art of acting and more about profits and fame.

This interview was conducted on November 3, 1991 by Renee Newman at Martin Canin's apartment in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Canin's family and experiences at the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Canin recounts his introduction to the piano and the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement. He discusses his teachers at the Henry Street Settlement, Aurelio Giorni and Robert Scholz, and elaborates on his relationship with Scholz. He discusses his family, including the instruments each member played and his relationship with his brother, Stuart Canin. He discusses Rosemary Younker; her patronage of the Music School; her sponsorship of him, which allowed for his attendance at the Meadowmount School of Music in Lewis, New York; and his relationship with her son, Herman. Other topics include his experiences as a student at the Juilliard School in Manhattan and in the United States Army Band during the Korean War. For more interviews about the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement see Baron, Samuel; Behrend, Louise; and Herman, David.

This interview was conducted by Helen Goodman on May 26, 1993 at Jennie Wertheimer Coffey's apartment in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Coffey's childhood in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. Coffey recalls the apartment in which her family lived, including the layout and the fact that the family shared a bathroom with their neighbors. She recalls home remedies her mother used to treat colds and headaches. Coffey recounts moving to the Whitestone neighborhood of Queens with her husband and their children.

This interview was conducted on October 11, 1991 by Elizabeth Nichols at the Henry Street Home Planning Workshop in the Vladeck Houses in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The majority of the interview covers Beatrice "Betty" Dagstine's enjoyment of living in the Vladeck Houses. Dagstine recalls living in a tenement building in the LES with her parents, where the bathtub was in the kitchen and the shared toilet was out in the hallway. She remembers playing kick the can with neighbors when she was child. She recalls the LES neighborhood as being safe and she said she rarely locked her apartment doors. Dagstine describes structure of The Women, a women's club at the Henry Street Settlement in the LES, including the dues structure, the meeting schedule, and the fact that it was a social club offered by the Henry Street Settlement.

This interview was conducted on November 17, 1992 by Sushan Chin at Rose Picca DeAngelo's apartment in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. DeAngelo's husband, Sam DeAngelo, participates in the first half of the interview. The interview covers Rose DeAngelo's family and working life. DeAngelo discusses her childhood, including the apartments in which her family lived and the fact that her mother had 15 children. She discusses the death of seven of her siblings as infants, causes of infant mortality in the early 20th century, and the death of her father. She describes her siblings, their careers, and their families. DeAngelo and her husband recount their wedding and their 50th and 60th anniversary celebrations. Sam DeAngelo discusses discipline in school and at home, his working life, and his and Rose's reasons for staying in the LES. Rose DeAngelo discusses different jobs she had in an unspecified hat factory, at the American Steel Wool Manufacturing Company factory, as a tomato packer at an unspecified factory, and as a seamstress in an unspecified garment factory in the LES. She explains that she and her friend were strike breakers in the hat factory and her opinions of labor unions before and after this experience. She discusses the custom of having midwives attend at home births, her mother's four sets of twins, and their mortality rate. DeAngelo describes her work as a seamstress at Post Manufacturing Company on Lafayette Street, including the types of athletic clothes she made, the decline of the business, and working conditions in the factory. She describes the apartments in which she lived in the LES and sections of the neighborhood, including Worth Street and Mulberry Street Park. Other topics include military service of DeAngelo's family members, crime in the LES in the 1910s and at the time of the interview, Italian residents of the LES, and benefits of her membership in an unspecified labor union (likely the Amalgamated Clothing Workers of America).

This interview was conducted on May 22 of an unspecified year by an unspecified interviewer at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Albert Dehar's early life in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. Dehar discusses living at his family's apartment at 139 Orchard Street and using the public baths located on Allen Street for their weekly Friday baths. He recalls attending an all boys elementary school, Public School 20 (P.S. 20), and playing stickball with his classmates and neighbors. Dehar describes his first paid job delivering apples and candies to office buildings on Wall Street with a pushcart and a later job as an errand boy for the button company B. Blumenthal & Co, where he participated in union activities.

This interview was conducted on April 10, 1994 by Karen Baker at Katz's Delicatessen at 205 East Houston Street, Manhattan, New York. The interview is difficult to hear, due to a lot of background noise. The majority of the interview covers Dell's childhood experiences growing up in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan and owning Katz's Delicatessen. Dell explains the rules of box baseball, stickball, punchball, kick the can, and marbles. He recalls having to pause in the middle of stickball games to allow cars to drive past the game. Dell describes why Katz's Delicatessen is popular, stating his belief that maintaining their same means of operation, menu, location, and food preparation have all attributed to the delicatessen's continual success.

This interview was conducted on July 26, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Shirley Katz Deutsch's home in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Deutsch's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and her family. Deutsch describes the apartment in which her family lived on Cannon Street in the LES, the family's living arrangements, and their neighbors. She discusses the family's customs surrounding the Jewish holidays, including games she would play and food her mother would make. She recalls attending classes and events at the Clark House and the Grand Street Settlement in the LES. She recalls family members visiting her family's apartment. She discusses belonging to the Downtown Talmud Torah and participating in clubs and classes in the Educational Alliance in LES. She recounts her father's responsibilities as a cohen in a synagogue. Other topics include stores in her neighborhood, performers she saw at the Yiddish theatre, her religious upbringing, and her extended family.

This interview was conducted on February 27, 1993 by Christine Halvorson at Nellie Dick's house in Oyster Bay, New York. The interview is primarily with Nellie Dick and her son, Jim Dick, occasionally participates. The majority of the interview covers Nellie Dick's recollections of anarchist communities in London, England; New York; and New Jersey. Dick recalls attending a lecture given by Johann Rudolf Rocker in London when she was eight or nine years old and being the only child present at the lecture. She explains that her immersion into politics at a young age resulted in her dedicated involvement in the anarchist community. Dick goes into detail about what she considers to be the fundamental differences between anarchists and Communists, one being the belief that there should be a bit of a hierarchy to the working and social structure of a community. She describes teaching herself to read Yiddish and her eagerness to learn. Dick recalls working closely with her fellow principals at the Modern School to write the Voice of the Children, a Stelton Colony publication. As leaders of the Ferrer Colony, Nellie and her husband each proposed and carried out projects to better the community, including better living conditions for the boarding school students and improvements to school buildings. She explains that not only did the students attend classes at the school, they were also responsible for maintaining the grounds of the school. Dick describes teaching her students manners as she strongly believed in etiquette and discipline. Dick expresses her adoration for the Stelton Colony and her pride as a contributing leader of that community, as she was a proponent of always improving the community. She also explains the colony's mission, which expresses the importance of responsibility in order to have freedom, and the living atmosphere of the Ferrer Colony. Dick explains that she knew she belonged within the Ferrer Colony because she shared the outstanding belief that there should be a change in government and that all individuals should receive an education.

This interview was conducted on July 30, 1993 by Goldie Gold in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Shirley Rosenbaum Dornfest's early life and family. Dornfest discusses her family's apartments in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, on Eldridge and Clinton Streets. She describes both apartments, the living arrangements, and the ways in which the family members negotiated privacy for themselves. She describes the University Settlement in the LES and programs in which she participated there. She recounts games she and friends would play in the street. She discusses her father's work as a milliner before the Great Depression and as a salesman and barber during and after the Depression. She discusses his background, including his education and early life in Poland, his decision to immigrate to the US, his participation in pinochle and chess clubs in the LES, and his death when she was 14 years old. She recounts her mother's decision to work as a seamstress in order to supplement the family's income. She discusses her mother's background, including her family in Russia and the immigration pattern of her father and siblings. Dornfest discusses a social club she and her friends organized, named Club Yremus, including the friends who belonged to the club and the activities in which the group participated. Other topics include Dornfest's education, family members who lived in Palestine, and her brother.

This interview was conducted on May 10, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Esther Lorber Eisner's home in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Eisner's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Eisner describes the apartments in which her family lived in the LES, in particular their apartment on Goerck Street. She discusses her family's traditions around the Jewish sabbath, including having a non-Jewish person conduct chores for them during the sabbath and the foods her family would eat. She recounts using public bathhouses and discusses the family's neighbors and neighborhood traditions surrounding Jewish holidays and funerals. She discusses her education, including attending the Downtown Talmud Torah in the LES and Washington Irving High School in Manhattan. She discusses her family, including her parents' relationship with her mother's widowed sister and the fact that her husband did not want her to work outside of the home. She recalls speaking only Yiddish in the home until she attended school, at which time she and her sisters spoke English amongst themselves.

This interview was conducted on November 15, 1992 by Helen Selsdon and Sushan Chin at an unspecified location. Rebecca Epstein discusses the fact that her teachers in New York loved her Boston accent while her classmates derided it. She describes the layout and furnishing of her family's railroad apartment in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and discusses her family's practice of taking on boarders who were recent immigrants. She describes immigrants entering the United States through Castle Garden in Manhattan. Epstein discusses the deaths of three of her siblings, two of whom died from infantile cholera, or summer complaint. Epstein discusses her relationship with her father, in particular his attitude of superiority towards her mother and how his perceived hypocrisy led to Epstein's decision to become an atheist. Epstein also discusses childhood activities for earning money such as completing piecework and charging admission for plays organized by neighborhood children.

This interview was conducted by Goldie Gold on April 29, 1993 at an unspecified location. The interview is primarily in English, with some Yiddish. Feldman discusses the difficulties her parents had adjusting to life in the United States, including poverty and raising a child with disabilities. Feldman discusses the shared class experience of people who lived in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. She describes sharing bathrooms and throwing trash out of windows as typical for the neighborhood during her youth. Feldman discusses the importance of education for upward mobility and neighborhood organizations such as Workmen's Circle, Educational Alliance, Madison House, and Henry Street Settlement. She discusses peers that have moved away from the LES and how the neighborhood has changed.

This interview was conducted on June 13, 1993 by Helen Goodman at an unspecified location. Minnie Hoffinger Feuerman describes living conditions in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and the assistance that her family gave to other immigrants. She describes her parents taking on recent immigrants as boarders. She discusses Jewish traditions, including the sukkah. She discusses her parents' role in the Progressive Samborer Young Men's Benevolent Association, a charity that raised funds and performed traditional burial rights for Jewish immigrants. She discusses Jewish theater, including the custom of politicians giving away theater tickets during election season.

This interview was conducted on March 6, 1994 by Dawn Vander Vloed at an unspecified location. Ida Fier describes her childhood and adolescence in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. She describes witnessing her father's death of a heart attack and her embarrassment at her mother's subsequent decision to become the janitor at their 232 Rivington Street apartment. Fier discusses her relationship with her mother, in particular her support of Fier's desire to attend college and their conflict over Orthodox Judaism. She describes feeling unable to discuss abortion and menstruation with her mother. Fier describes the importance of local institutions such as the Henry Street Settlement and the local library for entertainment and education. She describes doing schoolwork at the public library when there were guests at home, going to school during the summer to learn basket and rug weaving, and taking piano lessons at the Henry Street Settlement. She discusses the limited enforcement of quarantines in the LES. Fier discusses joining the Communist Party of the United States of America in college and being a student teacher at Seward Park High School. Fier discusses the impact of nostalgia on accounts of the LES by her generation, arguing that people are sentimental about their youths because their lives had more potential.

This interview was conducted on October 24, 1992 by Sharon Laist at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Deborah Borgenicht Flynn's memories of her family, in particular her father, Louis Borgenicht. Laist asks questions regarding passages from Harold Friedman's biography, The Happiest Man: The Life of Louis Borgenicht, and asks Flynn for confirmation and details about certain stories. Flynn recalls accompanying her father to his garment factory, Borgenicht and Spiro, Inc., in Manhattan, New York. She describes her father's work ethic, but cannot recall specific details regarding his business. Flynn recalls visiting the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan at a young age with her mother and bringing food to poor Jewish families. Flynn describes the tenement buildings in the LES as very crowded and dirty and compares this to her experiences in the Upper East Side neighborhood of Manhattan.

For more information about Louis Borgenicht, see Stern, Sally Spiro.

This interview was conducted on August 25, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Sidney Fox's office in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Fox's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and his family. Fox describes his family's apartment in the LES and their neighbors. He recalls a beer hall near their apartment and songs the customers would sing. He discusses traditions in his family surrounding Jewish holidays, in particular Passover and Hanukah. He discusses his relationship with his mother, including her cooking and her insistence on home remedies and medication used by their Italian neighbors. He discusses events in the LES during election time, including bonfires and candidates' speeches. He discusses his sisters having to work in the family's store and their resentment at the fact that he did not have to work in the store. He recalls attending Hebrew school and participating in events and activities at the Boys' Club, the Victor Athletic Club, and the Christodora House, all located in the LES. He describes street games he and his friends would play and recounts going to the Peter Jarema Funeral Home in the LES with his friends in order to view the bodies.

This interview was conducted on October 22, 1992 by Sushan Chin at Archie William Friedberg's home in the Brownsville neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The audio recording for this interview is missing. The interview covers Friedberg's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and his family. Friedberg describes the apartment in which his family lived on Orchard Street in the LES. His discusses his family members, his parents' relationship, and his mother's illness and death. He compares the LES and Brownsville during his childhood and at the time of the interview.

This interview was conducted on June 16, 1993 by Doris Charrow at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Estelle Lieberman Friedman's experiences as a child in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. She describes the layout of the family's apartment on Ludlow Street in the LES, including the shared toilet in the hallway. Friedman recalls the apartment being converted to electric power when she was three years old. She discusses having an operation as a young child and states that it was performed by a neighborhood doctor on her kitchen table. She recalls the doctor running electricity from the hallway in order to use the necessary medical tools for the surgery. Friedman recalls playing on the fire escape during the summer and neighbors gathering to sit on the building stoops. She describes the abundance of pushcarts in the LES that sold various food items and dry goods.

This interview was conducted on November 5, 1992 by Aimee Kaplan at Mildred Arschin Friedman's apartment in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Friedman's family, her childhood in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn, and her involvement with the Henry Street Settlement in the LES. Friedman describes her parents, her relationship with them, their immigration experiences, and their working lives. She describes her family's apartment in Williamsburg, including the layout, amenities, and utilities in the apartment. She discusses her mother's work in the household and the fact that she would not allow her daughters to assist her. She discusses her education, her parents' opinions on her education, and the fact that they did not encourage her to continue school through college. She describes her religious upbringing and traditions in her family around the Jewish holidays. She discusses her twin sons and the differences between raising children in the 1940s and at the time of the interview.

Friedman discusses her working life and the jobs she held at the Henry Street Settlement in the LES. She describes her responsibilities in her positions at the Settlement. She describes the philosophy of the Settlement and the relationship between the residents of the LES and the Settlement. She recalls her memories of Helen Hall, Ruth and Ralph Tefferteller, Bertram Beck, Atkins Preston, and Danny Kronenfeld. She describes the Mobilization for Youth project, the programs Beck promoted, and programs and services available through the Settlement. She discusses her relationship with the Settlement at the time of the interview and the fact that she felt her work at the Settlement had not been recognized when she retired. Other topics include her extended family and her relationship with her husband.

This interview was conducted on October 24, 1991 by Ulrike Daehnhardt at the Henry Street Settlement's Home Planning Workshop at the Vladeck Houses in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Rose Gallo's family, working life, and social life. Gallo discusses the different jobs she and her husband held. She discusses the different apartments they lived in, their decision to apply to live in the Vladeck Houses, and the view they had from their apartment in the Vladeck Houses. She discusses her family, including the deaths of her husband and one of their sons. She discusses her neighbors in the Vladeck Houses.

This interview was conducted on May 4, 1993 by Sylvia Groen at Abraham Glauberman's home in the Forest Hills neighborhood of Queens, New York. The interview covers Glauberman's life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and his family. Glauberman discusses his parents and their immigration experiences. He describes the apartments in which his family lived in the LES, including the layout, the amenities and utilities, and the family's boarders. Throughout the interview, he discusses his brothers and their relationship with their parents, in particular conflicts between one his brothers and their father over religion. He discusses his work on Ellis Island in Manhattan for the Bureau of Immigration, and describes his responsibilities as a clerk verifier and as a worker in the Mail and File Division. He recounts his experiences on Ellis Island during World War II, the changes in his responsibilities during the war, and his transfer to the War Production Board in Washington, D.C. He discusses his experiences teaching English as a second language and the training he received in order to teach. Other topics include his education and his religious upbringing.

This interview was conducted on October 21, 1991 by Greg Raynor at Leona Gold's apartment in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Gold's experiences at the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan between the 1950s and the early 1990s. Gold discusses her education, family, and her knowledge of the Henry Street Settlement before she worked there. She recounts her excitement in starting to work for the Settlement in 1955 and discusses becoming the Director of the Fiscal Office, including staff she hired and differences in the office before and after she became the Director. She discusses grants the Settlement received while she was the Director of the Fiscal Office and new programs that were established through these grants, particularly youth programs. She discusses the creation of Mobilization for Youth, its relationship with the Settlement, and staff members of the Settlement who also worked at Mobilization for Youth. She discusses other programs at the Settlement aimed at educating children and teenagers about alternatives to gangs. She discusses Directors of the Settlement, including Helen Hall, Bertram Beck, and Daniel Kronenfeld. Other topics include programs for homeless people and children of People with AIDS, the Settlement as leader in social program initiatives, and the Board of Trustees at the Settlement.

For more information regarding Leona Gold see interviews with: Beck, Bertram; McGee-Robinson, Audrey Peters; O'Malley, Nora

This interview was conducted on March 31, 1994 by Valerie Richmond at Mendel Goldberg Fabrics at 72 Hester Street, Manhattan, New York. Samuel Goldberg discusses his experience working in his family's business, Mendel Goldberg Fabrics. He describes the origin of the business, starting with his grandfather's work as a thread peddler in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan. He describes working in the shop in the afternoons after school. He discusses the unionization of Mendel Goldberg Fabric employees within the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union, Local 1102. Goldberg describes sourcing fabrics in foreign countries, including Japan and South Korea. He discusses his business philosophy and the changing demographics on the LES.

This interview was conducted on June 4, 1993 by Goldie Gold at an unspecified location. The interview covers Anne Goldman's early life, family, and working life. Goldman discusses her family's apartments in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. She discusses the death of her father when she was seven years old and her mother taking over his butter and egg store after his death. She recounts moving to the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn to care for her grandfather after the death of her grandmother and returning to the East Village when her grandfather remarried. She discusses her friends and neighbors in the East Village and social activities in which she participated as a child. She recalls her mother's decision to expand the butter and egg store to a full grocery store and discusses the family's life around the store. She recalls attending a Talmud Torah school and Saturday religious services with her siblings. She discusses her parents' backgrounds, educations, and their relationship. Throughout the interview, Goldman discusses the importance of Judaism and Zionism in her and her family's lives.

Goldman recounts her work history, including her job in a garment factory while attending night school and the fact that her employers observed the sabbath and were closed on Saturdays. She recounts taking the civil service exam and being appointed to the New York City Health Department. She recounts her membership in the State, County, and Municipal Workers of America and her opinions on the role of labor unions.

This interview was conducted on May 18, 1993 by Linda Congello at an unspecified location. The audio recording for this interview is missing. The interview covers Jack Goodman's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) of Manhattan, New York and his family. Goodman describes the apartments in which his family lived and their neighborhoods. He discusses his parents and his siblings. He discusses social and leisure activities in which he participated including attending events and summer camp at settlement houses in the LES.

This interview was conducted on May 1, 1993 by Linda Congello at an unspecified location. The interview covers Sylvia Groen's early life and family. Groen explains that her mother would take her and her siblings to visit her grandparents and aunt in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. She describes the apartments in which they lived. She describes her grandparents and aunt, including their backgrounds, her grandparents' decision to immigrate to the United States (US), and her grandfather's work as an egg peddler in the US. She discusses her grandmother's fear of the outside world and the fact that her grandfather took over the household chores because of this. She discusses the experiences of her aunts and uncles who immigrated to the US from Russia after World War I and the Russian Revolution. She discusses her relationship with her grandparents. Groen discusses her father's work history during the Great Depression, his shame at not always having a job, and the family's shame at having to accept home relief benefits. She explains that life improved for her family during World War II. She describes her family's apartments in the Bronx, the fact that her father built all of the furnishings himself, and her parents both creating decorations in the apartments.

Groen describes her parents, her siblings, and her relationship with her mother. She discusses her husband, the fact that they met after World War II, her parents' opinion of him, and his work as a salesman. She discusses her work as a bookkeeper and stenographer. She discusses her pottery, her studios in the Berkshire region of Massachusetts and the Corona neighborhood of Queens, and the fact that her pottery was sold in department stores in New York City.

This interview was conducted on March 22, 1994 by Kevin Murphy at an unspecified location. The interview covers Pearl Weiss Handman's childhood in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York; her family; and her social activities. Handman recounts her family's life in their apartment behind her father's dry good store and the household responsibilities of each family member. She discusses the ethnic composition of the Lower East Side and the peddlers, entertainers, and gangsters in her neighborhood. Handman discusses learning to type in high school in order to have a skill when she graduated, working for a publishing company after high school, and belonging to the United Office and Professional Workers of America. She recounts attending dances, concerts, and other events at settlement houses.

This interview was conducted on April 22, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Helen Frishman Harris's home in the Dyker Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Harris's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Harris discusses the death of her mother when she was six months old and her father's second marriage when Harris was four years old. She describes her family's apartments on Broome and Monroe Streets in the LES, the neighborhoods around each apartment, and the family's living arrangements. She discusses her dislike of the public baths, particularly having to bathe with strangers. She discusses attending the Madison House summer camp when she was eight years old and remembers the differences between life in the LES and in the country. She discusses attending events and participating in activities at settlement houses in the LES, in particular the Madison House and an unspecified settlement house on Hester Street. She describes events and customs in the LES surrounding local and national elections. She discusses becoming aware of politics, including joining the American Student Union at Seward Park High School in the LES and attending events in Union Square in Manhattan on May 1. She discusses her family, including her relationship with her stepmother and the fact that her stepmother did not want anyone to know that she was not Harris's mother. Other topics include vermin in the family's apartments, her relationship with her extended family, and ways in which the family members negotiated privacy for themselves in their apartments.

This interview was conducted on December 7, 1991 by Ingrid Melhus at David Herman's home in East Meadow, New York. The interview covers Herman's experiences at the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan. Herman discusses his parents, their immigration experiences, and their careers. He discusses his education at an unspecified yeshiva in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn and describes Williamsburg. He recounts his first experiences in the LES and compares the LES and Williamsburg neighborhoods in the 1950s. He discusses studying the violin at the Music School with Louise Behrend, recalls his memories of his first days at the school, and describes the building in which the school was housed on Pitt Street in the LES. He describes Behrend and her philosophy of teaching violin. He discusses other students at the school, the level at which they were expected to perform, and his participation in the School's orchestra. He discusses his Jewish identity in terms of the time he spent in Williamsburg and in the LES, and the conflict he perceived in expectations of him in the two neighborhoods. He discusses his friends at the School and performances of the orchestra in which he participated. For more interviews about the Music School at the Henry Street Settlement see Baron, Samuel; Behrend, Louise; and Canin, Martin.

This interview was conducted on March 30,1994 by Valerie Richmond at Francine Holtzman's house in Queens, New York. The majority of the interview covers Holtzman's memories of the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, including her neighbors and leisure activities, and the death of her son. She describes in detail her neighbor who raised Holtzman while both of her parents worked. She recalls the crowded apartment buildings in the LES and describes her neighbors. She discusses in detail her passion for singing and her lack of interest in school. Holtzman discusses participating in the Loew's Theater Singing Contest in the early 1930s and performing as an adult at Radio City Music Hall in Manhattan and Shea Stadium in Queens. She expresses her sadness over the death of her son, who died when he was 36 years old.

This interview was conducted on May 14, 1993 by Helen Kugler at Ethel Kokofsky Kahn's home in the Long Island City neighborhood of Queens, New York. The interview covers Kahn's childhood and family. Kahn discusses the different apartments in which her family lived in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and the ways in which the family members negotiated privacy for themselves in the apartment. She describes their neighbors and her friends from school. She describes her parents, siblings, and extended family who lived with them. She recounts the sewing, washing, and cooking her mother did for the family and describes her father's work casting the metal type for the Jewish Daily News in the LES. She explains that he would bring home the Jewish Daily News and other Yiddish newspapers, which Kahn and her siblings would read to their parents. She discusses her father losing his job when the Jewish Daily News closed and her parents' decision to become janitors in order to save money on rent. See also: Kokofsky, Abraham

This interview was conducted on May 27, 1993 by Doris Charrow at Nina Chirko Kalawsky's home in New Hyde Park, New York. The interview covers Kalawsky's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Throughout the interview, Kalawsky describes her family's apartments in the LES, living arrangements in the apartments, appliances in the apartments, the ways in which the family members negotiated privacy for themselves in the apartment. She discusses her parents' responsibilities as the janitors in the buildings in which they lived. She discusses her mother, her jobs outside of the home, and her feelings about working outside of the home, in particular her enjoyment of discussing politics with her coworkers. She discusses her father's work for the City of New York as a watchman on construction sites. She discusses her parents' relationship and their immigration experiences. She discusses her Irish neighbors, a Catholic church in her neighborhood to which she wanted to belong, and the fact that she wanted to be Irish rather than Russian. Kalawsky discusses the death of her oldest sister from spinal meningitis when she was seven years old and her mother's feelings about illness in the family after the death of her daughter. She discusses her relationship with her parents, the fact that her mother worried over her safety and the games and skills her father taught her. She recalls her memories of the different ethnic groups that lived together in the LES, in particular the foods of each group and her opinion that the diversity was beneficial to the people living in the neighborhood. Other topics include traditions in her home during Easter and Christmas and games she would play with her friends.

This interview was conducted on October 26, 1992 by Helen Selsdon at the Educational Alliance in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The audio recording of the interview is missing. The interview covers Louis Kaplan's family. Kaplan describes his parents, their careers, and his relationship with each of them. He discusses his mother's illness and death in 1942.

This interview was conducted on October 16, 1991 by an unidentified interviewer at an unspecified location. The interview covers Michael Katz's life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and his involvement in the Henry Street Oldtimers at the Henry Street Settlement in the LES. At the beginning and end of the interview, Katz discusses the work of the Henry Street Oldtimers at the Henry Street Settlement and members of the Oldtimers. He discusses the reasons for the creation of the Oldtimers in 1938 and the importance of the Henry Street Settlement to him, his friends, and his brothers as children. He discusses his role as president of the Henry Street Settlement Federal Credit Union and recounts the creation of the credit union. He discusses his childhood in the LES, his reasons for joining the Henry Street Settlement, and activities in which he participated there. He discusses his father's working life, the family's living arrangements in small apartments in the LES, and his parents' immigration experiences. He discusses his education, his dislike of school, and his preference for meeting friends in pool halls rather than attending school. He recounts his family's reaction to his brother's marriage to a Catholic and the fact that his mother would not speak to him for two years after his marriage. He discusses organizations in which he was involved at the time of the interview and his volunteer work through the Henry Street Settlement and an unspecified Masonic lodge. Other topics include his siblings and his work as a salesman.

This interview was conducted on October 20, 1992 by Aimee Kaplan at Selma Herschowitz Katz's apartment in Queens, New York. The interview covers Katz's childhood, her family, and her working life. Katz discusses her parents, including her father's many jobs, her parents' divorce, and her father's relationship with Katz and her siblings after the divorce. She discusses her marriage, including childbirth and her decision to use birth control. She discusses living with her mother and other family members after her marriage and the ways in which people negotiated privacy for themselves while living in close proximity with many family members. Katz recounts social activities in which she participated as a child and young woman, and with her husband after their children were older. Other topics include her children, her husband's jobs, her involvement in the Flushing chapter of Hadassah, and her religious views.

This interview was conducted on an unspecified date by an unspecified interviewer at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Moe Kertman's efforts to avoid becoming Americanized and his membership in the Russian Social Democratic Party. He recalls his struggle to conform to American culture and the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. Kertman describes the LES as very crowded and explains that he thought the majority of the residents had become Americanized and that he felt excluded because of this. Kertman discusses his feelings about this Americanization and he disapproval for the immigrants who, in his opinion, had abandoned their home country's language, attitude and general way of life. He explains that he found purpose and community within the Communist Party of the United States of America because they were activity in the community and stood for causes that he felt would better society.

This interview was conducted on October 11, 1991 by Ulrike Daehnhardt at the Henry Street Settlement's Home Planning Workshop at the Vladeck Houses in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Philip Kiriakos's childhood, family, and experiences as a tenant of the Vladeck Houses. He describes his daughters and discusses the deaths of his elder daughter in 1983 and his wife in 1988. He recounts learning about the Vladeck Houses and being one of the first families to move into the apartments. He discusses the differences between life in the tenements and Vladeck Houses, including having bathrooms inside the apartment and having rent determined by the occupants' salaries. He discusses crime in the Vladeck Houses and other housing projects at the time of the interview and his opinion that the Vladeck Houses are better than other housing projects. He discusses his neighbors and his decision to stay in the Vladeck Houses because of his relationship with one family. He recounts life in the tenements in the 1910s and 1920s, including Christmas and New Year's traditions, trolleys in front of the buildings, and ways to keep cool in the summer. Other topics include his participation in a theatre group at the Church of St. James in Manhattan and different jobs he held.

This interview was conducted on September 6, 1993 by Helen Goodman in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Beatrice Schlanger Koblenz's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Koblenz assisted throughout the interview by an interpreter from the League for the Hard of Hearing in Manhattan and is sometimes hard to understand. Koblenz describes her family's apartment on Eldridge Street in the LES, the living arrangements, and her neighbors in her building. She discusses traditions in her family surrounding Passover and her father's responsibilities as the sexton in their synagogue. Other topics include vermin in the family's apartment, her mother's home remedies, fires in the LES, and games Koblenz would play with her friends on the street.

This interview was conducted on June 8, 1993 by Goldie Gold in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Abraham Kokofsky's early life and family. Kokofsky describes the apartments in which his family lived in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan and the living arrangements in them. He describes his father's work as a laborer at the Jewish Daily News, or Yiddisher Tageblatt. He discusses a kheyder he attended near Suffolk and Attorney Streets, the corporal punishment inflicted on the students, and his refusal to return after receiving a beating. He discusses his and his siblings' education and their leaving school in order to work to support the family. He discusses his childhood friends and his feelings about non-Jewish people as a young person. He discusses his participation in a choir in an unspecified synagogue, despite the fact that his family were not strictly observant. He describes his parents and discusses his relationship with them, in particular his negative feelings about his mother and his preference for his father. He discusses his membership in the Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union when he worked in the garment industry and his membership in the American Postal Workers Union when he worked for the United States Postal Service. Other topics include the family's experiences during the Great Depression, his siblings' working lives, and his friendships with Zero Mostel and his brother that developed in the synagogue choir.

This interview was conducted on an unspecified date by an unspecified interviewer at an unspecified location. The interview covers Joel Landres' early life and his parents' lives in Russia and the United States. Landres explains that his father purposely injured himself in order to be discharged from the Russian Army and that the family immigrated to the United States soon after this event. Landres recalls his memory of being met at Ellis Island, New York by his cousin. Landres expresses the hardships he faced as he began to learn English. He discusses his experiences playing stickball with his neighbors and founding a Wilson Club, likely in support of Woodrow Wilson's candidacy for president in 1916. There are no details provided about the mission nor functions of this organization. Landres discusses the members of and his involvement in the Henry Street Settlement in Manhattan, New York.

This interview was conducted on May 13, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Fay Aronowitz Levinson's home in the Brighton Beach neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Levinson's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Levinson describes the apartments in which her family lived in the LES and discusses the pride her mother took in their apartment on Monroe Street. She recounts the living arrangements in their apartments and the boarders who rented a room in their apartments. She discusses the death of her father, his funeral, and her mother's reaction to his death. She describes her mother, in particular her resourcefulness in raising her children after the deaths of both of her husbands. She describes her neighbors in the LES and her mother's relationship with some of the neighbors. She recounts having diphtheria four times as a child and her apartment being quarantined when she was sick. Other topics include the jobs her mother held after the death of Levinson's father, traditions in her family around Jewish holidays, and her extended family.

This interview was conducted on November 11, 1992 by Helen Selsdon at an unspecified location. The audio recording for this interview is missing. The interview covers Gertrude Levy's life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and her family. Levy discusses her parents, in particular her father's experiences as a member of an unspecified labor union and his death in 1942. She discusses her education and members of her extended family.

This interview was conducted on October 18, 1991 by Elizabeth Nichols at the Henry Street Settlement's Home Planning Workshop at the Vladeck Houses in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Sadie Levy's experiences as a resident of the Vladeck Houses between 1940 and 1982. Levy compares the Vladeck Houses when she first moved in and when she left, including the residents, the rent, and maintenance. She discusses her participation in programs at the Educational Alliance in Manhattan and her preference for the Educational Alliance over the Henry Street Settlement. She compares her work and salary as a machine operator and in an unspecified position for the City of New York. She describes her parents, her brothers, and her neighbors at the Vladeck Houses.

This interview was conducted on June 26, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Fannie Lipkin's home in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Lipkin's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and her family. Throughout the interview, Lipkin describes her family's apartment on Cherry Street in the LES, the living arrangements in the apartment, and the family's neighbors. She discusses her father, including his work for a grocer as a driver of a horse and wagon and his death when he was 57 years old. She recalls peddling fly paper, candles, and other items with her siblings in the LES before school and her mother's work plucking chickens in order to support her father's income. She discusses traditions in her family surrounding the Jewish sabbath and holidays, including her father and brothers attending shul, her father and his friends sharing a meal on the sabbath, and she and her family attending services at a synagogue on Madison and Clinton Streets in the LES. She discusses her parents' membership in the Workmen's Circle in Manhattan and events they would attend there. Other topics include Lipkin's friends in the LES and trips to Coney Island in Brooklyn with her family and neighbors.

Interview taken by Workmen's Circle.This interview was conducted on July 23, 1993 by Goldie Gold in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Adele Slotkin Lopatin's early life and family. Slotkin describes her family's apartment on Montgomery Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan and her parent's delicatessen in the building. She discusses her experiences in elementary school and her experiences recovering from scarlet fever as a child. She describes her maternal grandparents and the immigration pattern of their family to the United States. She discusses her parents' membership in the Workmen's Circle, including their retirement to the Workmen's Circle Home for the Aged in the Bronx and her father's membership in the Socialist Party of America and a founding member of Branch 600 of the Workmen's Circle. Other topics include her sister and her parents' delicatessen.

This interview was conducted on May 14, 1993 by Beverly Freierman at the Workmen's Circle in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Louis Mandel's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan. Mandel describes the apartments in which his family lived in the LES and general living conditions in the neighborhood. He describes the schools he attended and some of his experiences at school. He discusses the death of his father leading him leaving high school, taking the civil service exam, and working in the United States Postal Service. He compares the different apartments in a tenement building, the different rents and benefits for each apartment, and which ones were the better apartments to have.

This interview was conducted on June 23, 1993 by Sylvia Groen at Evelyn Holtzman Markowitz's home in Great Neck, New York. The interview covers Markowitz's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Markowitz discusses her parents, including their immigration experiences. She describes the apartments in which her family lived in the LES, including the layouts, the amenities and utilities, and the living arrangements in the apartments. She discusses social and leisure activities in which she participated in the LES and recalls attending summer camp outside of New York City. She discusses her experiences during the Great Depression and her feelings about her family having to accept home relief benefits and the way in which her family was viewed because of this. She discusses organized crime in the LES and her friends who became involved in organized crime. She discusses the apartments in which she lived with her husband and their children and recounts her reasons for moving from the LES to Long Island. She recounts the deaths of many of her family members, including her first husband, in 1982. She describes herself as a happy person despite the difficulties she faced throughout her life. She describes her brothers, their military service during World War II, and her relationship with them. She discusses one of her uncles, her dislike of him, and his relationship with her father. She recalls her memories of Ethel and Julius Rosenberg before and after their trial and execution, her opinions on their case, and the ways in which the community in the LES reacted to their conviction and executions.

This interview was conducted on October 15, 1991 by Timothy W. Allison at Phebe Thorne Marrin's apartment in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Marrin's experiences as a member of the Board of Directors at the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and her working life. Marrin discusses the beginning of her involvement with the Henry Street Settlement as a volunteer in the Drama Department and Pete's House Productions working with Joseph Balfior. She discusses ethnic and racial tensions in the LES and the ways in which the staff of the Drama Department sought to teach the children and teenagers how to resolve them. She recounts her idea to coordinate the drama, dance, and music programs as a unified arts program at the Settlement and the fact that this led to her invitation to join the Board of Directors in 1966. She explains that she became involved in fundraising activities, continued with her drama classes, and worked as a nurse until she had children and no longer had time to dedicate to volunteering. She recounts her decisions to leave her nursing position in 1973, to become a lobbyist in Albany for a state senator for ten years, and to enroll in law school at Pace University in Manhattan. She discusses the creation of the Settlement's Art Show between 1987 and 1989 and her idea to have it at the Park Avenue Armory in Manhattan. She describes Jimmy Robinson, the head of the Youth Program, and his Cavaliers program, and the leader of the Youth Program at the time of the interview. Other topics include the creation of the Settlement's Urban Family Center and Arts Center, her experiences as a lobbyist, and the Friends of Henry Street.

This interview was conducted on November 4, 1991 by Joseph Glancey, Jr. at the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. It covers Audrey Peters McGee-Robinson's family and working life. McGee-Robinson discusses her relationship with her parents, her sister, in particular the ways in which her relationship with her father has changed between her parents' divorce and the time of the interview. She discusses her daughter's education, working life, and family. She discusses the jobs she held before working at the Henry Street Settlement and states that she was the first African-American person hired at the Manhattan office of the Aetna Casualty and Surety Company in 1951. She discusses the Henry Street Settlement, including the positions she held and the differences in the work environment from her jobs at the insurance companies. She discusses her co-workers and supervisors, including Helen Hall, Bertram Beck, Nora O'Malley, and Leona Gold. See also: Beck, Bertram; Gold, Leona; O'Malley, Nora

This interview was conducted on October 28, 1991 by Elizabeth Nichols in Frieda "Fritzie" Wolkofsky Meyerhoffer's apartment in the Vladeck Houses in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Meyerhoffer's experiences at the Henry Street Settlement in the LES, her memories of Lillian Wald, and her family. Meyerhoffer discusses her parents' relationship with the Henry Street Settlement, including their living at 305 Henry Street, Lillian Wald would visit Meyerhoffer's mother, and Meyerhoffer's mother caring for Wald's nieces and nephew. She discusses Wald asking Meyerhoffer's father to work at the Settlement and his working in a millinery factory and helping at the Settlement after work. She describes programs at the Settlement, in particular the activities of Mothers' Clubs at the Settlement and her mother's involvement in them. She recounts the involvement of the Settlement in the development of the Vladeck Houses, including going with her mother and Wald to New York City Hall to ask for improved housing in the LES and describes the tenement buildings on Henry Street in the LES in the 1910s and 1920s. She recounts helping her mother in her job as a janitor, with her siblings, and with her aunt's children.

Meyerhoffer discusses her family, including parents' immigration to the United States from Russia and their occupations. She describes her and her children's education in the LES, her responsibilities caring for her mother, and the way in which she met her husband. She recounts apartments in which she lived with her husband before moving into the Vladeck Houses and describes the Vladeck Houses in the 1940s and at the time of the interview. She describes her husband's work in a printing factory and gas station, both owned by his uncle. She recounts her volunteer work at the Henry Street Settlement after her marriage, including delivering food to families in the Vladeck Houses. She discusses New York City budget cutbacks leading to layoffs at the Settlement and the strike at the Settlement in 1965. Other topics include the Educational Alliance in the LES, Wald's fundraising efforts, Helen Hall, morale in the LES and at the Settlement during World War II, and Fourth of July events at the Settlement.

This interview was conducted on June 8, 1993 by Sylvia Groen at Abe Miller's home in Woodmere, New York. The interview covers Miller's life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and his family. Miller discusses his parents, their immigration experiences, and their working lives. He describes his family's apartment in the LES, the layout, and the amenities and utilities in the apartment. He recalls home remedies his mother would use, his opinion of doctors, and he and his brother being quarantined for diphtheria. He describes his father's work as a carpenter, his carpentry business, and his customers. He discusses the schools he attended. He describes the ethnic boundaries in the LES, the fact that he and his friends were careful of staying in the Jewish sections of the neighborhood, and animosities between Jewish, Italian, Russian, and Polish residents of the LES. He recounts his relationship with his father and the differences between parenting in the 1920s and 1930s and at the time of the interview, in particular the importance placed on fathers spending time with their sons in 1990s. He describes his work as an electrician with his brother after his graduation from high school and after his discharge from the Navy after World War II. He discusses his career as a sales manager for a brick company. He recounts activities and events he attended at settlement houses and states that he would never attend events at the University Settlement as it was located in the Italian section of the LES. Other topics include his relationship with his siblings, his experiences in the Navy during World War II, shopping in the LES in the 1930s and 1940s.

This interview was conducted on March 18, 1994 by Karen Baker at Arlene Miller's sweater store, Ja Mil Uniforms at 92 Orchard Street, Manhattan, New York. The majority of the interview covers Miller's sweater store in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Miller discusses her store and her opinion that Ja Mil was the first store on Orchard Street to modernize its storefront display windows. She notes that the Lower East Side has undergone various changes over the years with regards to immigrant populations and types of businesses in the area.

This interview was conducted on October 31, 1992 by Christine Halvorson at the Muste Building, headquarters of the War Resisters' League, in Manhattan, New York. The majority of this interview covers Mitch Miller's research on twentieth century anarchism in New York, specifically in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, as well as in Europe. He discusses the decline of the Yiddish language, the Spanish Civil War, and compares anarchism in the period between the 1950s and 1970s to politics in the United States (US) at the time of the interview. Miller describes the Lower East Side to be located below Fourteenth Street and East of Second Avenue. He references the book, Fragments, written by Sam Dolgoff throughout his interview and relates that Dolgoff played an active role in the anarchist movement during the twentieth century in the Lower East Side (LES). Miller explains the tension between various ethnic groups in the LES, including gang fights between Jewish, Irish, and Italian residents and relates his opinion that between 1900 and 1940 neighborhoods were the center of people's lives.

This interview was conducted on February 23, 1994 by Kerrie C. Cotton at the Classic Coffee Shop in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Carmine Morales's family and his working life. Morales discusses his parents and his paternal grandfather's disapproval of their marriage. He recounts the schools he attended, after school jobs he had, social activities in which he participated, and the ethnic demographics of the LES. He recounts working at a summer camp at Bear Mountain in New York managed by the Educational Alliance and meeting his wife there. He discusses working in restaurants in New York, before taking over the Classic Coffee Shop in the LES from his father. Morales describes the differences in the neighborhood around his coffee shop between when his father owned and at the time of the interview, as well as his customers and the food he serves.

These interviews were conducted on August 9 and August 10, 1993 by Goldie Gold at Edward Muse's apartment in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Muse's childhood, family, his education, and his working life. Muse recounts his childhood in Danville, Virginia, including his parents' occupations, his mother's education, and the importance his parents placed on community and education. He discusses the sense of community amongst African-Americans in Danville and his mother's participation in the Order of the Eastern Star lodge in his hometown. Muse discusses his participation in the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), including his first interactions with the organization as a teenager, his opinions on legal successes of the organization, and the effect these events had on him. He recounts his time in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, including the apartment in which he lived, his neighbors, and the stores at which he shopped. He discusses his studies with Paul Lazarsfeld in the Bureau of Applied Social Research at Columbia University and a research study Muse conducted on intercultural relations in the LES. He recounts his work for the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) and his adoption of HIAS's fundraising strategy when he worked at the NAACP.

This interview was conducted on October 18, 1991 by Elizabeth Nichols at the Henry Street Settlement's Home Planning Workshop at the Vladeck Houses in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Lorraine Cohen Nussenblatt's family and her experiences in different housing projects in New York City. Nussenblatt recounts moving into the Vladeck Houses with her mother and two siblings in 1940 as one of the first residents. She discusses her family's reasons for moving to the Williamsburg Houses in the Williamsburg neighborhood of Brooklyn and then to the Vladeck Houses, and describes the two housing projects. She discusses social activities at the Educational Alliance in the LES, including dances, Hebrew classes, and sewing classes, and states that she still attended events there at the time of the interview. She discusses her duties as an air raid warden during World War II and as an officer in the Vladeck Houses Tenants Association at the Vladeck Houses. She discusses an informal loan association provided through the Vladeck Houses Tenants Association. She discusses the activities in which she participates through the Good Companions Senior Center at the Henry Street Settlement in the LES. She discusses her parents, including their immigration to the United States, their meeting at an unspecified socialist club in New York, and her mother's struggle after her husband's death.

This interview was conducted on October 11 and October 16, 1991 by Joseph Glancey, Jr. at an unspecified location. The interview covers Nora O'Malley's childhood in Ireland, her family, and her experiences as a cook at the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. O'Malley can sometimes be hard to hear. She describes her family and her childhood in Ireland, including her house and chores, her siblings, and her relationship with her parents. She recalls social and leisure activities in the village near her family's farm and Christmas and birthday traditions. She discusses the differences in cooking when she first came to the Henry Street Settlement in the 1930s and later in her career, specifically having machines to assist in peeling and cutting vegetables and frozen foods. She recounts different apartments in which she lived in the LES before she moved into 267 Henry Street, one of the buildings managed by the Henry Street Settlement, and describes her apartment. She describes the other cooks with whom she worked, their responsibilities, and types of meals they cooked. Other topics include Helen Hall and Thanksgiving at the Henry Street Settlement. See also: Beck, Bertram; Gold, Leona; McGee-Robinson, Audrey Peters

This interview was conducted on October 27, 1992 by Helen Selsdon at the Educational Alliance in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The audio recording for this interview is missing. The interview covers Esther Opalsky's early life in Russia, her immigration experiences, and her family. Opalsky discusses her memories of Odessa, Russia and Palestine. She discusses her relationship with her husband and their divorce. She describes giving birth in Beth Israel Hospital in Manhattan. She discusses the deaths and burials of her parents.

This interview was conducted on May 12, 1993 by Doris Charrow in Queens, New York. The interview covers Charles Pasternak's life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and his family. Throughout the interview Pasternak relates anecdotes and memories of his childhood and early life in the LES. He discusses his education and schools he attended in the LES. He discusses his parents, including their immigration experiences and their working lives. He describes the apartments in which his family lived in the LES, the living arrangements, and the layout. He recalls extended family members living with his family when they first arrived in the United States. He discusses jobs he held in the LES and in hotels in the Catskills region of New York. He discusses his relationship with his father and his work in the laundry with his father. He describes fires on the LES, in particular the bonfires held on election nights. He recalls a hospital ship that would dock on the East River and hold events and provide healthcare for the residents of the LES. Other topics include medical care in the LES in the 1920s and 1930s, anti-Semitism in the LES, Meyer Lansky and organized crime, and Julius and Ethel Rosenberg.

This interview was conducted on February 21, 1994 by Valerie Richmond at the Hebrew Home of the Aging in New York, New York. The majority of the interview covers Helen Pearl's early life in Romania and her lack of happiness throughout her life. Pearl recalls her mother struggling to financially support the family after her parents' divorce. She reflects negatively on her childhood, the time during which she lived with her uncle, and her lack of education. Pearl explains that she married her husband not for love, but to start a family. Throughout the interview, Pearl is extremely emotional and expresses great sadness about her life as a whole. She recalls finding it difficult to work in addition to raising her children. Pearl describes finding comfort with the Jewish population in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan and missing that sense of community when she moved to the Red Hook neighborhood of Brooklyn.

This interview was conducted on December 1, 1992 by Helen Selsdon at an unspecified location. Platin discusses living in a tenement on East Broadway in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York, which she remembers as being in better condition compared to other buildings in the LES. She describes moving to Knickerbocker Village in the LES. Platin discusses services provided by the Henry Street Settlement in Manhattan during the Great Depression, such as food stamp distribution, assistance with the Department of Welfare (likely a city department), and organizing boat rides for mothers and children in the summer. Platin discusses the deaths of relatives in Poland during pogroms and illnesses experienced by family members, including diabetes and tuberculosis. She talks about her sadness over the death of her maternal grandmother when she was five years old, and discusses Jewish customs and practices surrounding death. Platin discusses living in Brooklyn as a young mother and the careers of family members.

This interview was conducted on December 1, 1992 by Sushan Chin at Ida Kreichman Radosh's apartment in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Radosh's childhood, her working life, and her family. Radosh discusses her childhood in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and relations between the different ethnic groups in the neighborhood. She discusses her parents' decision to immigrate to the United States from Russia and her father's work in garment factories. She recalls the different apartments in which the family lived in Manhattan and Brooklyn. She discusses her work as a milliner and her participation in an unspecified labor union (likely the United Hatters of North America). She discusses her friendship with anarchist Clara Larsen.

This interview was conducted on May 10, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Frank Miggs Regina's apartment in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Regina's childhood and working life. Regina discusses his childhood in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York, including the apartments in which his family lived, his weekly bath at the Baruch Baths, and the distribution of chores in his family. He discusses the deaths of his brothers and their wakes held in his family's apartment. Regina recounts playing drums in a band and playing at weddings and other events. He discusses his friendship with Sammy Cahn.

This interview was conducted on May 20, 1993 by Helen Goodman at an unspecified location. The interview covers Ruth Herzfeld Riesner's early life and family. Riesner recounts living near the Third Street Music School Settlement in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. She describes her family's apartment in the LES and living arrangements in the apartment. She discusses her father's floor covering business and the multiple stores that he owned. She discusses her parents and her relationship with them. She discusses the work of Jewish Alcoholic and Chemically Dependent Persons and Significant Others or JACS.

This interview was conducted on October 4, 1992 by Sharon B. Laist at Bernard Rosen's house in the Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The majority of the interview covers Rosen's childhood in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Occasionally, Rosen's wife, Elizabeth Rosen, can be heard correcting him. Rosen recalls living in dumbbell tenement on Henry Street that had both internal plumbing and heat. He recalls living around the corner from his paternal grandparents and remembers weekend family meals at their apartment. Rosen recalls his grandmother keeping fish in the bathtub in the kitchen before cooking them. Rosen discusses his father's grocery store and it being closed by the city in order to build the Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia Houses. He talks about his negative experiences at Catholic school and his acceptance into the Intellectually Gifted Children Program at Public School 33 (PS33). Rosen recalls spending time at the Lower East Side Garden Cafeteria and Union Square to attend political talks and rallies.

This interview was conducted on September 25, 1992 by Sharon B. Laist at Elizabeth Flynn Rosen's office at the Pierpont Morgan Library in Manhattan, New York. The majority of the interview covers the immigration of Rosen's maternal grandparents and their life experiences in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Rosen describes how her maternal grandfather left his parent's home at 12 years old and traveled across Poland and Russia. She discusses her grandmother's success as a seamstress making children's pinafores and dresses in the Lower East Side and how this success led to the family's children's clothing factory. Rosen states that her grandfather started the concept of standard children's clothing sizes. She describes her grandfather as an idealist, who believed strongly in the capitalist system and the business opportunities it presents.

This interview was conducted on September 29, 1991 by Ingrid Melhus and Renee Newman at Marilyn Klein Rosenblatt's home in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Rosenblatt's involvement with the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Rosenblatt discusses the lessons and activities in which she participated at the Henry Street Settlement, including taking piano lessons and singing in the chorus. She recounts performing with the Henry Street Settlement chorus at Carnegie Hall in Manhattan and on the radio program, We the People. She discusses patriotism in the United States after World War II and how this was reflected in the songs performed by the chorus. Rosenblatt sings and plays the piano during the interview.

This interview was conducted on May 17, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Helen Tanenbaum Rosenfeld's apartment in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Goodman's childhood in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood in Manhattan and her family. Goodman recalls her childhood, including the family's apartments in the LES, the death of her grandfather, and her relationship with her four sisters. Goodman discusses her grandmother caring for her and her sisters and her grandmother's folk remedies. She discusses the ethnic composition of the sections of the LES in which she lived and the schools she attended, including Public School 1 and Washington Irving High School. She discusses her family's health, including her appendectomy after two of her sisters and her father had appendicitis.

This interview was conducted on May 8, 1993 by Helen Goodman in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Goldie Supsky Roth's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and her family. Roth describes her family's apartment on Madison Street in the LES, including the appliances and amenities in the apartment. She discusses moving to Clinton Street in the LES in 1916 to live with her aunt, uncle, and two cousins and describes their apartment. She discusses activities and classes in which she participated at the Educational Alliance and Hester Park in the LES, including Yiddish classes and summer camp. She discusses her early life in Poland, her immigration to the United States when she was four years old, and the fact that she was raised by her aunt in the LES. She discusses customs and traditions in the LES, including ice and coal deliveries and around local and national elections. Other topics include her education, vermin in the LES, evictions in the LES, and social activities she would participate in with her friends and her husband.

This interview was conducted on July 15, 1993 by Goldie Gold in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Augusta Agatstein Rothstein's early life and family. Rothstein describes her family's apartment and their neighbors in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. She discusses her orthodox Jewish upbringing throughout the interview, including her attendance at services at a synagogue and Hebrew school in addition to public school. She describes her parents including her father's three marriages, his children from his other marriages, his immigration to the United States, and his work as a painter and decorator for the Works Progress Administration. She discusses social activities in which her family participated and customs in her household and neighborhood.

This interview was conducted on June 10, 1993 by Helen Goodman at her home in New York, New York. The interview covers Sol Rubin's life in New York after his immigration in 1934. Rubin describes the apartments in which he lived in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan. He recounts the differences between life in a small town in Poland and life in New York. He discusses cultural activities in which he participated in New York, including a poetry club and photography club at the Educational Alliance in the LES. He describes the people and stores in the LES in the 1930s and 1940s and discusses the changes in the neighborhood at the time of the interview. He recounts attending political events he attended and photographed, including Vito Marcantonio. He recalls his memories of Pearl Harbor and World War II, including receiving his draft letter in 1941, his experiences in the US Army in northern Africa between 1942 and 1945.

This interview was conducted on August 3, 1993 by Helen Goodman at an unspecified location. The interview covers Harriet Cohen Safian's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and her working life. Safian describes her family's apartment on Madison Street in the LES, including the layout, the appliances and amenities in the apartment, and the living arrangements. She discusses her brother, including his paralysis from poliomyelitis, his education, and the fact that she saw him as a role model. She discusses her parents, their immigration experiences, and their work in the United States. She discusses her education, social activities in which she would participate in the neighborhood and at the Educational Alliance in the LES, and customs in the LES around local and national elections. She discusses her work as a social worker, including the hospitals at which she worked in New York, her membership in the Service Employees International Union, Local 1199, and social programs she managed and helped institute at the hospitals at which she worked. Other topics include family pets, her membership in the Workmen's Circle in Manhattan, and her husband.

This interview was conducted on February 22, 1994 by Karen Baker at an unspecified location. The audio recording is difficult to understand as the voices are muffled. Irving Salwen's wife and grandson interject throughout the interview. Salwen discusses his devotion to his father and the family wholesale business. He recalls Orchard Street being very dirty, and lined with garbage and rodents during his childhood. Salwen talks about taking violin lessons while he was in high school and plays the violin at the end of the interview.

This interview was conducted on May 13, 1993 by Annette Franklin at Judith Epstein Saperstein's apartment in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Saperstein's early life in the LES and her family. Throughout the interview Saperstein describes the apartments in which she lived in the LES and her extended family. She describes her family's apartments on Cannon and Norfolk Streets, the living arrangements in the apartments, and how the family negotiated privacy for themselves. She describes her first apartment with her husband on Attorney Street in the LES and her happiness over having a shower. She discusses the chores she and her mother conducted in the house and discusses a laundry service her mother used. She discusses her father's newsstand, in particular her responsibilities at the stand and the fact that her family's life revolved around the business. She discusses her parents, including their immigration experiences and their leisure activities, including the Yiddish theatre. She discusses her maternal uncles, their leisure activities, and the fact that they supported Saperstein's family. Saperstein discusses her children, their educations, their careers, and their families. She describes her apartment in the Seward Park Houses in the LES. Other topics include her mother's illness and later life, her family's traditions around Jewish holidays, and customs in the LES.

This interview was conducted on November 13, 1992 by Aimee Kaplan at the home of Julius Schatsky's younger brother, Sam Schatsky, in Manhattan, New York. The majority of the interview covers Julius Schatsky's childhood and life in a Jewish household in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Schatsky recalls living in three different apartments on Henry Street. He describes one of the family's apartments, including a bathtub in the kitchen with a removable cover that functioned as additional counter space, and the shared bathroom in the hallway. He speaks fondly of his many neighborhood friends and the street games they played together. He remembers joining the Cub Scouts at the Educational Alliance in the Lower East Side and attending a summer picnic sponsored by the Henry Street Settlement in White Plains, New York.

See also: Sam Schatsky's interview.

This interview was conducted on November 23, 1992 by Aimee Kaplan at Sam Schatsky's home in Manhattan, New York. The majority of the interview covers Schatsky's childhood and life in a Jewish household in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. Schatsky recalls moving from 253 Henry Street to 254 Henry Street and his opinion that the latter was more modern because it had a bathroom inside the apartment rather than in the hallway. He describes feeling a sense of inferiority when he would accompany his mother on her trips to the welfare office during the 1930s and 1940s. Schatsky states that the street and the Henry Street Settlement in the Lower East Side provided space for the neighborhood children to play together. He also discusses his philosophical opinions about being Jewish, the importance of friendship, and his love for New York City. See also Julius Schatsky's interview.

This interview was conducted on September 8, 1993 by Helen Goodman in Brooklyn, New York. About half of the second track of the recording is blank. The interview covers Jacqueline Schmidt's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Schmidt describes apartments in which she lived and in which her family members lived in the LES, including the neighborhoods, the amenities and utilities in the apartments, and living arrangements in the apartments. She discusses living with her grandfather in order to care for him between 1949 and 1955, and describes the apartment in which they lived on Third Street in the LES and the chores for which she was responsible. She describes the apartment and neighborhood in which her mother and stepfather lived on Avenue C at Sixth Street in the LES and the different pushcarts that were outside their apartment. She discusses traditions in her family around Easter and Christmas, the fact that Czechoslovakian and Italian traditions were combined, and her favorite traditions for each holiday. She explains the reasons why she moved between family members, first living with her mother and stepfather and then her grandfather in the LES, moving to the Woodside neighborhood of Queens to live with her father, and returning to the LES to live with her mother when she attended high school. She discusses her education and after school activities in which she participated, in particular basketball. She discusses her parents' divorce, their second marriages, and the fact that she moved between their households. She describes her relationship with her parents and activities they would do together. Other topics include a comparison of life in the LES between the 1940s and at the time of the interview, one of her maternal aunts who performed in a carnival, her extended family members, and her memories Yiddish theatres in the LES.

The interviewer and location of this interview are unknown. The interview was conducted in 1991. The audio recording for this interview is missing. The interview covers Samuel Schneeweiss's life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and his family. Schneeweiss discusses his parents, their immigration experiences, and their working lives. He discusses his education and the schools he attended in the LES. He describes social and leisure activities in which he would participate, particularly at settlement houses in the LES. He discusses his relationship with his parents, the fact that his father did not pressure him to participate in specific activities, and the importance his mother placed on education. He discusses the importance of the Henry Street Settlement in his life, activities in which he would participate at the Settlement, his memories of Helen Hall, and his participation in the establishment of the Henry Street Settlement Federal Credit Union in 1973. He discusses the Henry Street Oldtimes, members of the group, and programs and activities the group supports at the Henry Street Settlement.

This interview was conducted on May 25, 1993 by Goldie Gold in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Zelda Lampert Seltzer's early life and family. Seltzer describes the apartments in which her family lived in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. She recalls her family always having a boarder staying in their apartment and describes the crowded living arrangements in the apartment. She describes her parents throughout the interview, including their backgrounds in Poland and interests, their immigration to the United States, her father's interest in politics, and the impact of her father's poor health on her family. She describes her mother's chores in the house and the after-school jobs she and her siblings held. She recounts jobs she held during and after college, including bookkeeper, accountant, and high school teacher. She discusses her and her siblings' relationship with their parents and discipline in the family.

This interview was conducted on April 17, 1994 by Karen Baker at Shapiro's Premium Kosher Wines at 125 Rivington Street in Manhattan, New York. The majority of the interview covers Norman Shapiro's family's winery. Shapiro recalls thousands of people lining up outside the winery during Passover in order to purchase wine. He states that since the opening of their store, his family made and sold their own wine. Shapiro explains that he was 12 years old when he first started working at the family winery in order to assist with bottling the wine. He suggests that, at the time of the interview, the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan had changed from a primarily Jewish neighborhood to include people from Puerto Rico and China. Shapiro argues that people were happier during the 1940s and 1960s because their families lived closeby and were able to share in traditions like the Passover seder. He expresses his opinion that the LES has been affected negatively with the shift of immigrant populations.

This interview was conducted on April 28, 1993 by Sylvia Groen in Queens, New York. The interview covers Simon Shulman's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan. Sylvia, a friend of Shulman's whose first name is not given, occasionally participates in the interview. Throughout the interview, Shulman shows Groen awards he received, posters he created, and photographs. Shulman discusses his parents' immigration experiences and describes his family's apartments on Houston Street in the LES. He recounts the amenities in the apartments, living arrangements, chores for which each family member was responsible, the fact that his father's sign shop was in the basement of one of their apartments, and his memories of the food store Russ & Daughters which was on the ground floor of one of the buildings in which they lived. He discusses his education and career, his work creating posters for theatres in New York City, and his decision to teach commercial art. He recounts posters he created for the Academy of Music on Fourteenth Street in Manhattan, Yiddish and other theatres, the American Broadcasting Company (ABC), and the National Broadcasting Company (NBC). He relates stories about his students at George Westinghouse Vocational and Technical High School in Brooklyn. He discusses his father's sign shop and businesses for which he created signs. He describes saloons in the LES and recounts buying beer for his father from a saloon near his apartment. He discusses contentious relations between Jewish, Italian, and Irish residents of the LES, including fights he had with Italian children in the LES. Other topics include awards Shulman won at Stuyvesant High School in Manhattan, a fire in a leather factory in the LES when Shulman was a child, anecdotes about the LES, and organized crime in the LES.

This interview was conducted on May 20, 1993 of an unspecified year by an unspecified interviewer at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Celia Solomon Silverman's early life in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. Silverman recalls immigrating to the United States from an unspecified European country with her older sister to live with their two brothers in New York City. She describes their two room apartment and its marble fireplace. Silverman talks about using the public baths once a week and shopping daily for groceries. She mentions attending Yiddish literature lectures at a community center and meetings at the Workmen's Circle in Manhattan with her brothers and friends. She explains that she and her siblings rejected their religious upbringing and joined the Socialist Party of America.

This interview was conducted on May 31, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Etta Silverman's home in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Silverman's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Silverman describes her family's apartment in the LES, including the living arrangements, amenities and utilities in the apartment, the fact that they had a bathroom in their apartment, and the view from their apartment on Third Street. She recalls having boarders living in the apartment during the Great Depression. She describes her parents' candy store in the LES, in particular, their phone being used by people in the neighborhood, and friends and neighbors visiting in the store. She describes her neighborhood, the stores in which her family would shop, and her neighbors and friends. She recalls her brother's bar mitzvah and describes the party her parents held for it. She recounts her parents selling their candy store and finding employment in the shoe and garment industries. She discusses her father's health and its impact upon the family's diet. Other topics include the Yiddish theatre, traditions in her family around the Jewish holidays, and her participation in the Emanuel Brotherhood on Sixth Street in the LES.

This interview was conducted on November 30, 1991 by John S. Berman at Rose Singer's apartment in the Sheepshead Bay neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Singer's experiences in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and at the Henry Street Settlement in the LES, particularly as a member of the Alcott Club. Singer describes the Vladeck Houses in the LES and recounts moving there in 1940. She discusses her membership in the Alcott Club at the Henry Street Settlement, her participation in other events and activities at the Settlement, and her friends at the Settlement. She explains that she developed confidence through these activities at the Settlement. She discusses her early life in the LES, her unhappiness at moving to the neighborhood as a teenager after the death of her father, and compares the LES with Yonkers in the 1920s and 1930s. She recounts her early working life in the early 1930s as a children's clothing inspector and the working conditions in the factory in which she worked. She discusses her parents and the ways in which her mother supported the family after her husband's death in 1927.

Singer discusses her involvement in the Henry Street Settlement in the LES and recounts her first memories of the Settlement in the 1930s. She discusses the settlement houses' social programs and the ways in which they benefited the LES. She discusses the sense of community she felt at the Henry Street Settlement and the freedom she felt being away from her young children and her husband for a short time. She explains that her husband at first resented her involvement with the Settlement, his resentment at having to care for their children while she went out, and her resentment of his leisure activities and the double-standard that existed in their family. She describes holiday activities at the Settlement, in particular the fact that the different ethnic and religious groups at the Settlement would work together to create inclusive events before Irish and Italian members formed separate groups based on ethnic identities. She describes the Settlement programs in which the Alcott Club took a particular interest, including working for better housing in the LES, a cooperative milk program, and clothing swaps. Other topics include her memories of the Great Depression, discussion of her husband's working life, and her memories of Helen Hall.

This interview was conducted on October 6, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Isidore Philip Sipser's office in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Sipser's childhood in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and his family. Sipser discusses his memories of life on Rivington Street in the LES, including the apartments in which his family lived on Rivington Street, meals his mother would prepare, and how illness was treated in his household. He recounts customs surrounding funerals, election days, and Jewish holidays and events. He recounts helping with his parents' tomato pushcart and playing punchball and marbles with his friends.

One interview was conducted on December 4, 1992 by Christine Halvorson at Clara Solomon's house in the Rego Park neighborhood of Queens, New York. A second interview was conducted on April 7, 1993 by Halvorson at Solomon's house. The main topics of the interviews include Solomon's knowledge of members of the Vanguard Group, an anarchist political group active during the 1930s in New York City and her experiences living in the Ferrer Colony in Stelton, New Jersey. Solomon recalls her parents hosting gatherings at the family's apartment on Avenue B and Twelfth Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan at which anarchism and the Modern School Movement were discussed. She discusses her parents' decision to join the Ferrer Colony and describes the house her parents built in the Colony. Solomon recalls her physical education teacher, James Dick, and her enjoyment of soccer and basketball as a child. She reflects fondly upon her life at the Colony and states that the community evoked an atmosphere of freedom.

See also: Dick, Nellie

This interview was conducted on March 16, 1993 by Christine Halvorson at Sidney and Clara Solomon's house in the Rego Park neighborhood of Queens, New York. The Solomons can be difficult to hear as their voices are muffled and there is feedback from the recording device. The Solomons discuss the role of anarchism as well as Anarchy's presence during world events like, the Spanish Civil War.

This interview was conducted on June 8, 1993 by Minta Plotkin at the Workmen's Circle Home for the Aged in the Bronx, New York. The interview covers Sam Spindel's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and his family. Spindel can be hard to understand. He discusses his parents and their immigration experiences. He describes his family's apartments in the LES, the living arrangements, and the amenities and utilities in the apartment. He discusses chores he and his mother performed. He discusses his membership in the Workmen's Circle and activities in which he would participate there.

This interview was conducted on July 8, 1993 by Helen Goodman in an unspecified location. The interview covers Anne Koppelman Stern's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan and her family. Stern describes her family's apartments in the LES, one of which was in the Vladeck Houses. She describes the living arrangements, the layout, the furnishings, and the amenities and utilities in the apartment. She discusses her friends and neighbors in the Vladeck Houses. She recalls her happy memories of programs at the Educational Alliance and the Henry Street Settlement in the LES. Regarding the Henry Street Settlement, she discusses attending basketball games at Pete's House, talking with the social workers at the Settlement, and working at Camp Echo Hill in New Jersey when she was a teenager. She recalls attending Camp Salomon through the Educational Alliance in the summer. She discusses her aunts, uncles, and cousins who would visit her family. She recalls working for her father in his hosiery stand at Sixth Street and Avenue C in the LES and lists her responsibilities. She recounts her memories of World War II, in particular reading and translating into Yiddish letters for one of her neighbors from her son. She describes her parents, including their immigration experiences, their education, and their health issues. She discusses her education and her working life before and after the birth of her children.

This interview was conducted on November 14, 1992 by Sharon B. Laist at Sally Spiro Stern's apartment in the Upper West Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview includes both audio and video recordings. The majority of the interview covers Stern's memories of her family, in particular her grandfather, Louis Borgenicht and her father, Jack D. Spiro. Stern's description and opinions of her grandfather differ from what is expressed in Harold Friedman's biography of him, The Happiest Man: The Life of Louis Borgenicht. She argues his book describes him as a positive, fair minded, and hardworking man when he was actually very unpleasant and cold. Stern also argues that it was her grandmother who had the successful business ideas, not her grandfather. She explains the emphasis on Jewish traditions in her family, including family dinners, marriage, and the importance of education. Stern recalls the sense of community amongst Jewish people in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan. She describes her first experience of anti-semitism at the University of Michigan in the mid 1940s.

This interview was conducted on May 13, 1993 by Helen Goodman at an unspecified location. The interview covers Mollie Stiker's early life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. Stiker describes the neighborhood in which she lived near East Fourth Street in the LES and the apartment in which she lived. She discusses the amenities and utilities in their apartment, the layout of the apartment, and stores in which her mother would shop in their neighborhood. She recounts traditions in her family around the Jewish holidays and discusses her extended family. She recounts her family's eviction from one of their apartments. She discusses her mother's worries over the safety of her children and the fact that Stiker and her siblings were sometimes not allowed to participate in activities because of their mother's worry.

This interview was conducted on October 27, 1992 by Helen Selsdon at the Educational Alliance in Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Gussie Stolzenberg's childhood in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan. Stolzenberg recounts her family's frequent moves throughout the LES in order to save money, furnishings in their apartments, and boarders living with the family. She recalls speaking Yiddish at home and learning English when she started school. She discusses the way illness was treated in her household and her family's membership in a landsmannschaft that included two burial plots and covered her father's funeral costs. Stolzenberg discusses her enjoyment of reading and the Yiddish theatre.

This interview was conducted on October 7, 1991 by Elizabeth Nichols and Ulrike Daehnhardt at the Mayor Fiorello H. LaGuardia Houses in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview was continued on October 11, 1991 by Nichols at the Vladeck Houses in the LES. The interview covers Ruth Taube's work at the Henry Street Settlement's Home Planning Workshop in the LES and her life in the LES. Taube describes her introduction to the Henry Street Settlement's Home Planning Workshop, first as a temporary sewing instructor and the way in which she became a permanent employee of the Settlement. She discusses changes in the Workshop from the time she started to the time of the interview and explains the importance of the Workshop and the Settlement to the residents of the LES. She describes her childhood and her family's apartment in the LES. She describes her parents, their immigration experiences, and their working lives in the United States. She describes her family's apartment in the LES. She discusses her childhood memories of the Settlement and the activities held at the Settlement. She describes the summer camp at Camp Echo Hill in New Jersey and its importance to the residents of the LES who were able to attend the camp. Other topics include the participants in the Workshop, the ways in which the Settlement cooperation between the different ethnic and racial groups in the LES, her relationship with Helen Hall, and the development of the Vladeck Houses.

The audio recording for this interview is missing. Currently all that is available is the preliminary questionnaire completed by Rose Camhy Varon, which contains only the biographical information recorded in the Biographical Note.

This interview was conducted on June 3, 1993 by Sylvia Groen at an unspecified location. The majority of the interview covers Beverly Fischer Weinstein's childhood experiences being raised by her widowed mother in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. She vividly describes the family's apartment on Madison Street in the LES apartment and the fact that it was an entire floor of the building and a railroad style apartment. Weinstein discusses the fact that their apartment was near her family's leather business. She discusses her friends' reactions to her apartment and to the LES and their comparisons between the LES and the neighborhoods in which they lived in upper Manhattan. Weinstein recalls visiting the Educational Alliance and being a member of the Young Israel Synagogue of Manhattan. She discusses the importance of family; weekly Sunday visits from relatives who lived in Newark, New Jersey; and her participation in many weddings. She expresses pride in her education and work experiences and explains that she was glad she waited until she was about 30 years old to get married. Weinstein states that she enjoyed her independence and argued that it allowed her to gain meaningful experiences which she might not have been able to have if she had gotten married and started a family at an earlier age.

This interview was conducted on February 21, 1994 by Dawn Vander Vloed at an unspecified location. The interview covers Jack Weiss's childhood and family. Weiss describes his family's apartment in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York and his parents' responsibilities as the managers of the apartment building. He discusses the culture of the neighborhood, including the food one could purchase from food vendors on the street, and relations amongst the different ethnic groups in the neighborhood. He describes the food his mother and grandmother would make and discusses the culture surrounding baking for the Jewish sabbath in the neighborhood. Other topics include Weiss's military service during World War II and discipline in his family.

This interview was conducted on February 22, 1994 by Lori Finkelstein at Mendel Weiss's store at 91 Orchard Street in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The majority of the interview covers Weiss's immigration experience, his experience owning a business, and his opinions on differences in the Lower East Side between the1960s and the time of the interview. Weiss discusses the difficulties he faced getting his immigration papers. He remembers having to travel around Russia for the required documents and physical examination. Weiss recalls purchasing the space that became his wholesale and retail business. He states that the ethnic demographics of the neighborhood had changed from predominantly Jewish and Eastern European in the 1960s to Chinese and Hispanic at the time of the interview. Weiss shares his opinion that the growth of department stores in the Lower East Side has increased at the time of the interview and was hurting local businesses.

This interview was conducted on May 5, 1993 by Minta Plotkin at Anne Bramnick Weitzman's home in the Kingsbridge neighborhood of the Bronx, New York. The interview covers Weitzman's early life in Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan. Weitzman discusses her immigration experience and describes her family's apartments in the LES, including the living arrangements, ways in which the family members negotiated privacy for themselves, and amenities and utilities in the apartment. She recalls using public baths on Allen and Rivington Streets in the LES. She discusses family and friends visiting on the weekends and food her mother would cook. She describes stores and vendors on Orchard Street where her family would shop and an ice cream shop at which she would meet friends. She discusses different streets in the neighborhood and what products were produced and sold on each street. She discusses illnesses in her family and two doctor services to which her mother subscribed. She discusses her membership in the Workmen's Circle, different programs in which she was involved, and activities in which she participated.

This interview was conducted on April 25, 1994 by Kerrie C. Cotten at an unspecified location. Farrell Williams discusses his parents' decision to migrate from New Orleans, Louisiana to the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. He recalls his father's opinions about living in the northern United States (US) versus the southern US. Williams remembers his paternal grandmother living with the family on Grand Street and how his mother took care of her as she had diabetes. Williams talks about shopping in the Chinatown neighborhood of Manhattan in the 1960s and recalls experiencing racial discrimination. He recalls attending an Ike and Tina Turner concert at the Apollo Theater in the Harlem neighborhood of Manhattan. Williams discusses attending church at the Abyssinian Baptist Church in Harlem. Williams talks about the sense of fellowship he felt at this predominantly African American church congregation. He discusses working for the Merchant Marine and how the Seafarers' International Union of North America, Atlantic, Gulf, Lakes, and Inland Waters District helped to improve working conditions over the years.

This interview was conducted on May 19, 1993 by Helen Goodman at Aaron Wolfish's home in Brooklyn, New York. The interview covers Wolfish's life in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan. Wolfish describes his family's apartments in the LES, including the layouts of the apartments, amenities and utilities in the apartments, and the living arrangements. He discusses public baths and public swimming pools he would use on Rutgers Place and Rivington Street in the LES. He discusses illnesses and home remedies in his family. He discusses suicides in his neighborhood, including the death of one of his friends by suicide. He discusses his education, the schools he attended, and anecdotes from his time at school. He discusses traditions in his family around the Jewish holidays, in particular food his mother and wife would make. He describes settlement houses at which he would participate in programs and events, in particular the White Door Settlement on Clinton Street in the LES. Other topics include his after school job of selling newspapers, the Yiddish theatre, and games he would play with his friends in the street.

This interview was conducted on February 22, 1994 by Kevin Murphy in Brooklyn, New York. The majority of the interview covers Natalie Zuckerman's childhood and Jewish family life in the Lower East Side neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. She discusses her mother's determination to become a United States citizen and recalls her mother attending night school at the Henry Street Settlement in the LES and accompanying her mother to her citizenship test in 1929. Zuckerman describes attending shows at Yiddish theaters on Second Avenue, occasionally purchasing French chocolates at an ice cream parlor on Second Avenue and spending time in the public library. She recalls frequently shopping for fresh food and dry goods with her mother on Orchard Street. Zuckerman relates a detailed story about witnessing her mother having her fortune read in the LES. She recalls her extended family living in the LES and spending the Saturdays together in celebration of the Sabbath. She discusses the types of food the family would prepare together, like potato pancakes topped with sour cream or applesauce. Zuckerman recalls taking dance lessons at the University Settlement House in the LES and accounts a special occasion when Eleanor Roosevelt acted as the dance instructor one evening. She states that after the death of her husband she had started writing her memoir.

This interview was conducted on April 28, 1993 by Annette Franklin at Rose Halpern Zweibach's apartment in the Lower East Side (LES) neighborhood of Manhattan, New York. The interview covers Zweibach's early life in the LES and her family. Zweibach describes the apartments in which her family lived in the LES, the amenities and utilities, the layouts, the living arrangements, and the ways in which the family members negotiated privacy for themselves. She describes her relationship with her brother, in particular her resentment of him when they were children and their relationship at the time of the interview. She discusses her father's jobs, including losing his work as an egg candler when machines were introduced to do that work, and his work as an unskilled laborer in various temporary jobs. She discusses her family's finances while her father could not find permanent work, her parents becoming janitors in one of the buildings in which they lived, and the shame of having to receive home relief benefits during the Great Depression. She recounts gaining a job as a summer school teacher in the Jamaica neighborhood of Queens through the Works Progress Administration. She describes her mother, including her relationship with her brothers and her feminism, which Zweibach credits for her receiving a college education and becoming a professional. Other topics include her jealousy over her brother's religious education, her love of the public library and reading, and her membership in the Workmen's Circle in Manhattan.

This interview was conducted by Kathleen Doherty in 1984 at an unspecified location. The interview covers John Burke's working life. Burke discusses his experiences working as a warehouseman at the Western Electric Kearny Works in Kearny, NJ between 1929 and 1931 and working odd jobs after he was laid off in 1931. He recounts his first experiences working as a longshoreman, including the type of work that was available during the Great Depression and extortion of the new workers on the docks. He discusses the formation of the International Longshoremen's Association (ILA) Local 1247. He discusses the work patterns on the docks, the formation of work gangs, and pay rates for different types of cargo. He recounts becoming a foreman and the difference in work for longshoreman and foremen. He lists the different ports in which he worked: Hoboken, Jersey City, and Edgewater in New Jersey, and Staten Island and Brooklyn in New York. He explains the ways in which information was disseminated about which ports had work. Other topics include strikes and organized crime involvement in the ILA and on the docks.

Content is from a telephone interview and there is a prominent electronic hum throughout.

On second cassette (Access Disc 2), a disconnected wire or a short caused an electronic hum throughout, making contect indecipherable.