Crown Heights History Project collection
1993-1994, inclusive
; 1993, bulk
Brooklyn Historical Society (Brooklyn, New York, N.Y.)
This collection contains oral history recordings and transcripts, as well as exhibition materials, from Brooklyn Historical Society's Crown Heights History Project, also known as "Bridging Eastern Parkway." Crown Heights History Project oral histories include audio and transcripts created and collected within the context of an exhibition project undertaken in part by BHS in 1993 and 1994. Three interviewers recorded conversations with over forty narrators. In addition to exhibition product value, the oral histories were conducted as life history and community anthropology interviews; topics of discussion include family and heritage, immigration and relocation, cultural and racial relations, occupations and professions, education and religion, housing and gentrification, civil unrest and reconciliation, media representation and portrayal, and activism. The series of exhibition research materials document the outreach efforts for interviews and materials from the community as well as exhibition scripts and curatorial notes.
Conaway, Carol B. "Crown Heights: Politics and Press Coverage of the Race War That Wasn't," Polity 32 (Autumn 1991): 93-118.
Girgenti, Richard H. A Report to the Governor on the Disturbances in Crown Heights: An Assessment of the City's Preparedness and Response to Civil Disorder 2 vols. Albany: New York State Division of Criminal Justice Services, 1993.
Glaberson, William. "Judge Accepts a Guilty Plea in '91 Crown Heights unrest." New York Times (New York, NY), April 13, 2002.
Goldschmidt, Henry. Race and Religion Among the Chosen Peoples of Crown Heights New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2006.
Gregor, Alison. "Crown Heights, Brooklyn, Where Stoop Life Still Thrives." New York Times. (New York, NY), June 17, 2015.
McCarthy, Sheryl. "Crown Heights Question: What About Charles Price?" Newsday. (Melville, NY), January 9, 2002.
McFarland, Stephen & Nelson, Katie "Timeline: How Crown Heights Riots Unfolded." New York Daily News. (New York, NY), August 14, 2011.
Shapiro, Edward S. Crown Heights: Blacks, Jews, and the 1991 Brooklyn Riot Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press, 2006.
Waldrep, Christopher. Racial Violence on Trial: A Handbook with Cases, Laws and Documents Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO, 2001.
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Crown Heights History Project oral histories, 1993 to 1994, inclusive; 1993, bulk
Asramon, Afealliah, 1993 August 22, inclusive
Bernard, A.R., 1993 August 12, inclusive
In the interview, the narrator discusses his childhood in Brooklyn, experience of the Civil Rights Movement, the Nation of Islam and his reasons for converting to Christianity. He remembers racial conflicts, violence and the institutional segregation of the 1950s and '60s. He reflects on the black awareness that the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam provided in the community during this period and relates this to his conversion experience. The end of the interview focuses on the mission, makeup and contributions of the Christian Life Center. He shares his viewpoints on the breakdown of the family and the community, providing solutions based on the church's focus. He responds to questions concerning the riot of 1991 in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Burston, Chaim, 1993 August 23, inclusive
Burston recounts his youth, travelling abroad to Israel and rediscovering his ancestral religion. He also discusses meeting his wife, what it's like raising a large family in New York City, and touches on relations with his Afro-Caribbean neighbors in the aftermath of the 1991 riot in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Crown Heights. The interview ends with Burston playing his synthesizer keyboard. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Cattan, Rachel Lea, August 15, 1993, inclusive
In the interview, Cattan discusses her childhood; immigration to the United States; her transition to an observant Jewish lifestyle; her divorce; and the racial tensions of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. Interview conducted by Aviva Segall.
Crawford, Avroham (Avrohom), 1993 August 24, inclusive
Avroham, in his late 40s, narrates his Irish-Catholic upbringing, his early encounters with Jewish people, and his conversion to Orthodox Judaism. He describes how the Lubavitch of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn have changed and grown in the years since 1970, when he moved there. He reflects on the religious community's acceptance of him as a Christian convert, on how his children have grown up Lubavitch, and on secular Jews who take up Orthodox practice as adults (known as baal teshuvah). When asked, he explains the extent of his interaction with the Black residents of Crown Heights. At various points throughout the interview, he dwells on religious subjects: how boys and girls are educated, how Judaism is different from Christianity, how conversion for marriage is different than for faith alone, and others. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Crawford, Nechama, Yisroel Crawford and Suri Crawford, 1993 August 25, inclusive
Nechama and Yisroel—respectively in twelfth and sixth grade at the time of the interview in 1993—talk about their experience growing up in the Lubavitch community of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. They describe the various forms of religious education and practice that exist within Hasidic Judaism, as well as the expectations and roles that are laid out for young girls and boys. At the interviewer's prompting, Nechama reflects on her community's relationship with the "outside," especially the Black residents of Crown Heights and the non-Jewish city at large. Suri, their mother, talks about her children's education, the role of women in her religion, the cost of living in Brooklyn, and her Modern Orthodox upbringing. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
De Shong, Roxanne, 1993 August 29, inclusive
In the interview, Wilder and De Shong discuss the cultural differences between Carribean and American born people, the stereotypes associated with West Indians and Jamaicans, and the changes in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn between when she arrived and at the time of the interview in 1993 citing the presence crime, violence, and drugs. The two also discussed the misperceptions, housing, and safety inequities between the Lubavitch and Black neighborhood residents, the struggle to live in Crown Heights, and her son's relationship to Gavin Cato. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Goldman, Esther, 1993 August 16, inclusive
Esther Goldman discusses her upbringing in Poland, East New York and on Eastern Parkway in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. She recalls the growing Lubavitch movement of the mid to late twentieth century, and traces her own life's journey through the milieu of faith, family, neighbors, white flight, and historic events – ending in the 1991 Crown Heights riot and its aftermath. Interview conducted by Aviva Segall.
Haynes, Joseph Harold, 1993 August 31, inclusive
In the interview, Haynes discusses growing up in central Brooklyn during the 1940s and '50s; the importance of family, during this period; racial segregation; his passion for aviation; the Muse Community Museum; the founding of the Society for the Preservation of Weeksville; the 1991 riot in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Crown Heights and the future of race relations. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Ince, Iyedun, 1993 August 15, inclusive
The narrator discusses his childhood in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Crown Heights, the disillusionment he experienced in high school and the decline of the youth culture of Crown Heights. He describes his own struggle to define himself and free himself from the pressures of his generation. He discusses possible approaches to changing the social environment of the neighborhood and concludes the interview with advice directed to the youth of Crown Heights. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Jacobson, Simon, 1993 August 19, inclusive
Rabbi Simon Jacobson narrates his childhood in Crown Heights during the 1950s and '60s, recounting how the ethnic and religious composition of the Brooklyn neighborhood (including among different Hasidic movements) has changed throughout his lifetime. He explains the religious reasons for why the Lubavitch have stayed in Crown Heights (when other Jewish groups have left), and he addresses various subjects related to home-ownership—including role played by the Crown Heights Jewish Community Council and the perception that the Lubavitch want to drive Blacks out of the neighborhood. He describes the Lubavitch community's relationship with non-Jews and non-practicing Jews, dwelling on the concept of "chosenness." He and the interviewer discuss possible venues for outreach and cultural "translation"—especially of Jewish holidays and the concept of Moshiach (or messiah). Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Kamman, Baila, 1993 October 17, inclusive
Kamman, in her 40s, discusses her secular upbringing in a Bronx neighborhood filled with both Reform and Orthodox Jews, college in Queens, as well as her life as a young public elementary school teacher during the 1970s. She recounts the life-altering experience of finding herself in Israel during the 1973 Arab-Israeli War and the steps leading up to her eventual entree into the world of Lubavitch Hasidism, as well as how this new conservative lifestyle contradicted many of her 1960s-era values. Baila also details the offbeat courtship that led to her marriage, remembers escalating racial tensions leading up to the Crown Heights neighborhood riot of 1991 and explains how her father's death inspired her to attain a law degree while raising five children. Interview conducted by Aviva Segall.
Kleinman, Zalman, 1993 July 21, inclusive
In the interview, the narrator discusses his childhood in Communist Russia; his adoption; life after World War II; immigrating to Paris, Israel and New York; meeting his wife; family life in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Crown Heights; being an artist in a religious community and the making of a good family. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Kosher Cookbook Committee, 1993, inclusive
Kashruth, or the laws of keeping kosher, is one small part of this discussion.
Lezama, Carlos, 1993 May 13, inclusive
Lezama spends the better part of his narration recounting the many years he has lived in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. He describes his life in Venezuela as a young man, the experience of moving to New York on his own, and the steps he took toward settlement and—eventually—home-ownership. He relates the personal facts of his life to the observations he has made about Caribbean immigrants in general, and he favorably compares the openness of the present-day West Indian community to the more isolated, almost sectarian environment that he encountered when he first arrived in the 1950s. In particular, he describes an improvement in relations between West Indian immigrants and American-born Black people (an increasing number of whom, he notes, are from the southern United States). He tells the history of the Labor Day Carnival (or West Indian Day Parade), which he had been leading for twenty-six years. He notes that the parade has long been a source of tension and debate with the Hasidic Jews of Eastern Parkway; he ascribes the 1991 unrest that erupted around the deaths of Gavin Cato and Yankel Rosenbaum, in part, to this tension. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Lubavitch Child Rearing Discussion
Meshchaninov, Bracha, 1993 June 14, inclusive
In the interview, Bracha Meshchaninov discusses her childhood and family in Johannesburg, South Africa; her religious education in Israel; being a baal teshuvah (a Jew converted to Orthodoxy); her courtship and marriage to a Russian baal teshuvah; navigating a newly religious identity; the physical decline of the Rebbe and the spiritual ramifications within Lubavitch Hasidim and moving from the Brooklyn neighborhood of Crown Heights. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Meshchaninov, Moshe, 1993 August 18, inclusive
In the interview, Meshchaninov discusses life as a Jew in Russia; his conversion to Orthodoxy; the family's immigration to the United States; and the Hasidic community. He suggests resolutions to the tensions in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. Interview conducted by Aviva Segall.
Milfort, Fritznel, 1993 August 17, inclusive
In the interview Milfort discusses his immigration, and his accomplishments in education and the business. He also suggests ways in which the Haitian and African American communities can support each other. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Morris, Evelyn, 1993 July 30, inclusive
Ms. Morris discusses the racial, religious and cultural tension of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. The core of the interview is a reflection on the cause of the racial tensions, between Blacks and Jews, in the neighborhood and her experience of the Crown Heights riot. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Neil, Clive, 1993 July 29, inclusive
Reverend Dr. Clive E. Neil discusses the misperceptions and strengths of Jamaicans and Jamaican Americans. He recalls the hardship of leaving family and country and his time in higher education and inner city volunteer work. He describes the ethnic makeup of his congregation on the border of the Crown Heights and Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhoods of Brooklyn and how their diversity is a means to educate and celebrate. Neil points out family and community causes he actively supports, such as a Men's Ministry at his church, and the broad-based Nehemiah Homes effort. He also describes the transformation of the area's "Black churches" brought on by the influx of young ministers. He shares his views on the community turmoil and violence related to the deaths of Gavin Cato and Yankel Rosenbaum, the reaction of the local clergy, and the media's unfair slant on the matter. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Oka, Basha, 1993 August 11, inclusive
In the interview, Oka describes her spiritual awakening; relates her understanding of the Lubavitch Rebbe and the Messianic Lubavitch movement; reflects on her experiences as a baal teshuvah (a Jew conforming to Orthodoxy) and expounds on the racial climate in the Brooklyn of neighborhood of Crown Heights after the riot. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Pikus, Sharon, 1993 October 1, inclusive
Sharon Pikus reflects on her upbringing, mostly in 1950s Brooklyn. She discusses her immigrant grandparents and the beginnings of the family's real estate business. Wingate High School is recalled as an important part of her life. Pikus also discusses the challenge of being a young woman and her view of the anti-egalitarian nature of a Hebrew education and practicing Conservative Judaism. She speaks of her feminism, Zionism, and touches on the Civil Rights Movement. Pikus shares her insight into the racial and financial makeup of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn she remembers and the neighborhood in days of civil unrest. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Pointer, Louvenia, 1993 May 7, inclusive
Louvenia Pointer, an African American, says very little about her life before moving to the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. She relates the story of searching and finding the Carroll Street home she and her husband bought. Race is discussed in the context of public schools and the neighborhood. She remembers the events that led her from teaching music privately to public education. Pointer describes her participation in the block association, past and present, as well as the neighborhood children, historically, and children in general. Finally, she talks about the flaws in people that can lead to neighborhood tension, and how best to heal that tension. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Pointer, William D., Jr., 1993 August 10, inclusive
In the interview, William D. Pointer Jr. recalls his childhood, his relationship with his best friend from the Jewish family next door, and home ownership of different ethnic groups; all in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn. He describes his activism as a Black militant teenager and how the African Student Association effected change. In describing the climate that led to turmoil between the cultures of Crown Heights in 1991, Pointer sees a challenge of how the nation and culture at large values the family unit and community. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Roberts, Carl E., 1993 July 22, inclusive
Carl E. Roberts discusses the misperceptions of Jamaicans and Jamaican Americans; his educational and professional experiences; and his community activism. He speaks directly about the real and perceived rifts between the Black communities and the Orthodox and Hasidim communities in the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, and the personal touches that can improve relations. Roberts offers his insight into the changes in real estate ownership within Crown Heights over several decades and how that affects the neighborhood. Interview conducted by Craig Wilder.
Rubaszkin, Bella and Gabriel, 1993 May 12, inclusive
Bella Rubaszkin discusses some traditions, teachings and social gatherings of the Lubavitcher community. She and her husband Gabriel talk about their displacement in Europe and Russia during and after World War II; the changing ethnicities of their pocket of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn and changes in where Jews have settled in the New York City area since the 1950s; and the success and job opportunities of their neighbors and relatives. They make their observations on the ethnic and racial tensions of Crown Heights since the 1970s through to the 1991 rioting and the aftermath. In light of her attendance in a college-level political science course, Bella offers her thoughts on the strife within the community and ways of reconciliation. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Segall, Aviva, 1993 August 9, inclusive
Aviva Segall discusses her first contacts with the Hasidic community as a teenager, the events that led to her joining the Lubavitch community, and the differences between her observant Conservative upbringing and her current Hasidic lifestyle. She examines the pros and cons of the secular and religious worlds, life as a baal teshuvah, or "returned Jew," cultural faux pas in the Orthodox enclave of the Crown Heights neighborhood of Brooklyn, as well as the authority of the Lubavitch spiritual leader, or Rebbe. Race relations, neighborhood transitions, education and politics are all touched on to varying degrees. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Shaffer, Devora, 1993 October 26, inclusive
In the interview, Shaffer talks about her day-to-day life as a Jewish Lubavitcher teenage girl; her schooling, teacher training and camping experiences; and living in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Crown Heights and New York City. Shaffer offers her thoughts on how the Lubavitch coexist with non-Jewish people as well as other ethnic and racial minorities. She speaks of her own and her community's devotion to the Rebbe, how she may meet her future husband, the differences in being Hasidic and being religious, and her immediate reaction to the civil unrest in Crown Heights. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Simon, Yudi, 1993 September 2, inclusive
Stock, Martha and Shimshon, 1993 July 20, inclusive
Martha Stock discusses the experience of growing up Lubavitcher and getting a secular education. She talks about her parents' meeting and the experiences of family members who left Poland in the World War I era. Martha is joined by her husband, Shimshon. They review the issues of home ownership in the Brooklyn neighborhood of Crown Heights and discuss their tolerance, and lack thereof, for African American neighbors. Stock describes the struggle and frustration of anti-Semitism and the Hasidic community's separatism within society. He takes issue with his own community and local, state and national politics. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Wilson, Dellon A., 1993 November 10, inclusive
Dellon Wilson, a Jamaican American, discusses her upbringing, training in the Army, schooling in the United States, and an illness that forced her to stop working. She shares her perspectives on racial tolerance and intolerance; relating personal experiences of feeling unfairly judged in her teens, her contemporary viewpoint on the racial and ethnic makeup of the Brooklyn neighborhood of Crown Heights community, and the media's portrayal of the charged atmosphere resulting from the auto accident that killed Gavin Cato in Crown Heights. Interview conducted by Jill Vexler.
Fredericks, Dexter and Huntley, Sereta, 1994 February 12, inclusive
Crown Heights History Project exhibition files, 1993 - 1994
Brooklyn Historical Society (Brooklyn, New York, N.Y.)