Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus records
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Abstract
The collection consists of records and research materials created and collected by the Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus (FROGG), a community-based organization founded in 2002. The materials document the organization's efforts combatting rezoning and overdevelopment, restoring the habitat and water quality of the Gowanus Canal, and preserving the industrial heritage of Greater Gowanus. The collection comprises administrative records, project files, reports, correspondence, research files, newspaper clippings, magazines, photographs, audiovisual materials, maps, protest signs, posters and ephemera. The records were collected and donated by FROGG's archivist, Linda Mariano (1943-2021). The materials in the collection date from 1906 to 2017, with the bulk of the materials being created and collected between 2002 and 2017.
Biographical
Linda Mariano (1943–2021) was a painter, author, art teacher, activist and co-founder of the Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus. Linda attended New York University and graduated with a B.S. in Art Education in 1964. In 1967, she received an M.F.A. in Painting from Brooklyn College. Linda moved from the West Village to Gowanus in 1976 with her husband Joseph Mariano and their daughter Rachel (b. 1972). Linda was a published author and art instructor. Her published works include "The Encyclopedia of Knitting and Crochet Stitch Patterns"(1977) and "Romantic Embroidery: Floral Designs and Motifs" (1984).
Linda became involved in Gowanus activism in 2002 when she received a notice from a developer that wanted to demolish an old industrial building at 450-460 Union Street and replace it with luxury condominiums. Linda mobilized with Greater Gowanus residents to fight rezoning and development, co-founding the Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus. She became the group's archivist, collecting and maintaining all materials such as meeting agendas, attendance records, minutes, copies of grant proposals and applications, newspaper and magazine articles, photographs and historical documents related to Gowanus. Linda continued to work with FROGG and supported the environmental restoration and historic preservation of Gowanus up until her death in April 2021.
Historical Note
The Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus (FROGG) is a grassroots community organization founded between 2002 and 2004 by Linda Mariano, Bette Stoltz, Margaret Maugenest, Mauren Donnelly and a group of citizens concerned with the historic preservation of Greater Gowanus and environmental restoration of the Gowanus Canal corridor.
The group first came together in 2002 to oppose the demolition of The Green Building at 450-460 Union Street, a former brass foundry built in 1889. A developer planned to demolish the building and replace it with luxury condominiums. Community members mobilized to protest the demolition and rezoning of the building to the Board of Standards and Appeals (BSA). After two years of discussions, the BSA denied the developer's plans for residential rezoning and saved the building from demolition. As a result of the BSA determination in 2004, Linda Mariano and residents from Gowanus, Carroll Gardens and Red Hook formalized the group under the name the Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus. The group dedicated its efforts to combatting rezoning and overdevelopment, restoring the environment and water quality of the Gowanus Canal, and preserving the industrial heritage of Greater Gowanus.
The group continued to fight spot rezoning happening throughout Gowanus, transforming formerly industrial areas into residential neighborhoods. Their arguments were for both the preservation of the industrial heritage of the area, as well as promoting the cleanup of centuries of pollution into and along the Gowanus Canal to create a healthier and safer Gowanus Canal corridor for current and future residents. The group protested that the city and developers conduct public reviews, environmental assessments, and environmental impact statements before plans and rezoning receive approval. FROGG responded to development plans for Gowanus Village (2003-2005), Whole Foods (2005-2007), Atlantic Yards (2009), and twice protested 363-365 Bond Street, once in 2007 against the Toll Brothers and again in 2012 against the Lightstone Group.
In 2006 and 2008, FROGG joined with other local like-minded organizations to discuss environmental priorities for the Canal and address the government's role in the cleanup efforts. Collaborators included the Gowanus Canal Conservancy, Gowanus Canal Community Development Corporation, and the Urban Divers Estuary Conservancy, among others. The discussions featured representatives from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the New York City Department of Environmental Preservation, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC), and the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). It was unclear whose jurisdiction the Canal cleanup fell under, causing any remediation or restoration efforts to be delayed. In December 2008, DEC Commissioner Peter Grannis sent a letter to the EPA and asked them to evaluate the Gowanus Canal as a potential federal Superfund site. FROGG mobilized to support the Superfund designation and organized demonstrations, produced informational materials to educate community members and recruited signatures for a community petition. In March 2010, the EPA placed the Gowanus Canal on the National Priorities List of Superfund Sites, assigning the cleanup duties to the federal government and the fiscal responsibility to the industrial and municipal polluters.
FROGG continues to work with the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, the Historic Districts Council, and the New York State Historic Preservation Office to pursue the historic designation of the Gowanus Corridor as an Urban Industrial District. The designation would preserve landmarks for future generations, maintain existing structures and open spaces for adaptive reuse and protect the Gowanus Canal Corridor from overdevelopment. As a member of the Gowanus Landmarks Coalition, FROGG helped to get five important Gowanus buildings landmarked by New York City in 2019.
Over 20 years, FROGG programs and activities included community planning, implementing a brownfield cleanup program, creating the Gowanus Canal Community Advisory Group, collaborating with urban planners, and conducting environmental, historical and cultural tours of Gowanus. FROGG's projects were supported by grants from the Citizens Committee for New York City (2003, 2006 and 2009), the Brooklyn Historical Society (2008), and the Environmental Protection Agency (2012), among others. The organization is still active as of 2022.
Arrangement
The collection is arranged into seven series, including three sub-series.
Series 1: Administrative records is arranged alphabetically by folder title.
Series 2: Project files is arranged into three sub-series including Sub-series 2.1: Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus projects and grants, Sub-series 2.2: Environmental and historical reports, and Sub-series 2.3: Development plans and appeals. The sub-series are arranged alphabetically by folder or publication title.
Series 3: Correspondence is arranged alphabetically.
Series 4: Subject files is arranged alphabetically.
Series 5: Clippings and magazines is arranged alphabetically.
Series 6: Photographs and audiovisual media is arranged alphabetically by folder and publication title.
Series 7: Printed materials and ephemera is arranged alphabetically by folder and publication title.
Scope and Contents
The collection consists of records created by Linda Mariano and the Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus (FROGG). The materials in the collection document the organization's activities combatting rezoning and overdevelopment, restoring the environment and water quality of the Gowanus Canal, and preserving the industrial heritage of Greater Gowanus. The collection comprises administrative records, project files, reports, correspondence, newspaper clippings, magazines, research materials, photographs, audiovisual media, maps, protest signs, posters and ephemera. The materials in the collection date from 1906 through 2017, with the bulk of the materials being created and collected between 2002 and 2017.
Series 1: Administrative records consists of materials related to the administrative duties of the organization, including by-laws, meeting notes, meeting agendas, membership information, resumes and biographies of the group's board of directors.
Series 2: Project files includes applications, plans, reports, press releases, manuals and planning documents for FROGG-related projects, programs, and appeals. Sub-series 2.1: Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus projects and grants comprise records documenting FROGG projects and programs implemented between 2003 and 2015, including the Gowanus Brownfield Cleanup Program, Gowanus Canal National Priority Listing, Gowanus Canal Superfund designation, and a Technical Assistance Grant. Sub-series 2.2: Environmental and historical reports include assessments, surveys, sampling data, and reports on environmental hazards and the historical significance of the Gowanus Canal corridor from 1977 to 2016. Documents in this series were used for research in support of the group's advocacy and activism for designating the Gowanus Canal as a Superfund site and protected urban industrial district. This series also includes plans for environmental restoration and wetland creation from the United States Army Corps of Engineers, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation, the New York City Department of Environmental Protection, and the Environmental Protection Agency(EPA). Sub-series 2.3: Development plans and appeals compiles plans for development and rezoning in Greater Gowanus neighborhoods including plans for residential buildings, bridge repairs, industrial improvements, and waterfront access. The series also consists of appeals made to the Board of Standards and Appeals against the development and rezoning of the Gowanus Canal corridor from mixed industrial use to residential.
Series 3: Correspondence comprises letters, notes, and research material exchanged between FROGG members and concerned citizens, community groups, lawyers, urban planners, elected officials and government agencies. The series includes written responses to various development and rezoning projects in Gowanus, including proposals for Gowanus Village, Atlantic Yards, Whole Foods and 363-365 Bond Street.
Series 4: Subject files contain research and reference material about subjects, people, and organizations related to FROGG's mission and advocacy campaigns. Subjects include brownfields, emergency preparedness, historic preservation, land use law, tidal wetlands and toxics targeting.
Series 5: Clippings and magazines document press relating to FROGG programs and activities, as well as research and reference material on diverse topics and current events covering Gowanus, Red Hook, and Caroll Gardens from 1973 to 2017. Topics cover culture and arts events, urban farming, development and rezoning, housing, pollution, land use, landmarking, parks and green spaces, superfund designation and cleanup. While most of the clippings encompass matters local to Greater Gowanus, FROGG's Archivist also collected national coverage of environmental issues, flooding, gentrification, global warming, historical preservation, Hurricane Sandy and zoning.
Series 6: Photographs and audiovisual media consists of photographic prints, negatives, slides, and moving images from 1999-2015 documenting architecture, pollution, wildlife, flooding, construction, activism and cultural activities in Gowanus. Most of the photographs were taken by Linda Mariano along the Gowanus Canal, additional photographers include Arthur Mortensen, David Schlegel, and members of the Urban Divers Estuary Conservancy. Videos in the collection include short documentary films about Gowanus, highlighting community organizations, cultural performances, interviews with community members and the EPA Superfund designation.
Series 7: Printed materials and ephemera comprise posters, protest signs, postcards, newsletters, press releases, pamphlets, flyers, maps, books and pins produced by FROGG, other community organizations, cultural institutions and artists located in Greater Gowanus. Posters, protest signs, flyers and pins document FROGG's activism against overdevelopment and in support of the EPA Superfund designation. Reproductions of maps showcase the industrial heritage of Gowanus and the evolving urban and natural environments.
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Conditions Governing Access
Open to researchers without restriction. The collection may only be used in the library and is not available through interlibrary loan. Requests to view the collection must be made at least 48 hours in advance of visit.
Conditions Governing Use
While many items at the Center for Brooklyn History are unrestricted, we do not own reproduction rights to all materials. Be aware of the several kinds of rights that might apply: copyright, licensing and trademarks. The borrower assumes all responsibility for copyright questions.
Preferred Citation
Identification of item, date (if known); Friends and Residents of Greater Gowanus records, 2017.011, Box and Folder number, Brooklyn Public Library, Center for Brooklyn History.
Immediate Source of Acquisition
Gift of Linda Mariano, 2017.
Physical Characteristics and Technical Requirements
Additional equipment is required to view or access material stored on CDs, DVDs, VHS, and two cassettes.
Separated Materials
Oversized maps and architectural drawings are in the Othmer Library print room flat file as indicated in the container location.
Existence and Location of Copies
Copies of the following published materials are also included in the Center for Brooklyn History Library's Main Collection:
- The Best of Brooklyn: a borough of manufacturers (382.1025 B)
- Eco-Gowanus: urban remediation by design (307.3416 E)
- Lavender Lake: Brooklyn's Gowanus Canal (VIDEO 628.168 L)
- Woodlands, wetlands, and wildlife: a guide to the natural areas of New York City parks (574.5264 W)
About this Guide
Processing Information
The collection was processed, arranged, and described by Processing Archivist Aimee Lusty, February-June 2022. All materials were rehoused in archival folders maintaining original folder titles created by FROGG's Archivist, Linda Mariano. When no folder title was present, the Processing Archivist created the titles enclosed in [brackets]. All newspaper clippings were reformatted onto archival bond paper. All photographs were rehoused in mylar sleeves. CDs, DVDs, and the VHS in the collection were previewed and are in good working condition. Three large folders containing oversize maps and plans have been separated and stored in the print room flat files, two prints measure 36x48" and may require assistance when pulling the prints for researchers.